NFPA XXXX Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Rescue Incidents 199X Edition NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter designating a paragraph indicates explanatory material on that paragraph in Appendix A. Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter 10 and Appendix C. Chapter 1 Administration 1-1* Scope. This standard identifies and establishes levels of training for safely and effectively conducting operations at technical rescue incidents. 1-1.2* The requirements of this standard apply to organizations that provide primary response to technical rescue incidents. 1-2 Purpose. The purpose of this standard is to assist the authority having jurisdiction in assessing a technical rescue incidents within the response area, to identify the level of operational capability, and to establish training and safety criteria. The performance objectives of this standard shall be permitted to be achieved in a variety of ways. 1-3 Definitions. Approved.* Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. Authority Having Jurisdiction.* The organization, office, or individual responsible for approving equipment, an installation, or a procedure. Personal Protective Equipment. The equipment provided to shield or isolate personnel from the chemical, physical, and thermal hazards that can be encountered at a technical resuce incident. Personal protective equipment includes protective clothing and respiratory protection. Adequate personal protective equipment should protect the respiratory system, skin, eyes, face, hands, feet, body, and ears. Safety Officer. An individual qualified by the authority having jurisdiction to maintain a safe working environment. Search Marking System. A separate and distinct marking system used to identify information related to the location of a victim(s). [See A-X-4.2.1(k).] Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement. Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not required. Technical Rescue. Technical Rescue is the application of special knowledge, skills and equipment ot safely resolve unique and/or complex rescue situations. Chapter 2 General Requirements 2-1 General. Prior to operating at a technical rescue incident, members and their organizations shall meet the requirements defined in Sections 2-2 to 2-X along with the appropiate requirments contained in one or more of Chapters 3 through X for the specific rescue incident. 2-2 Risk Assessment. 2-2.1* The authority having jurisdiction shall conduct a hazard and risk assessment of the response area and shall determine the feasibility of conducting each technical rescue operation. 2-2.2* The hazard and risk assessment shall include an evaluation and analysis of the environmental and physical factors influencing the scope, frequency, and magnitude of technical rescue incidents and the impact they might have on the ability of the authority having jurisdiction to respond to and to operate safely at those incidents. 2-2.3* The authority having jurisdiction shall identify the type and availability of internal resources needed for technical rescue incidents and shall maintain a list of these resources. 2-2.4* The authority having jurisdiction shall identify the type and availability of external resources needed to augment existing capabilities for technical resuce incidents and shall maintain a list of these resources. This list shall be updated at least on an annual basis. 2-2.5* The authority having jurisdiction shall establish procedures for the acquisition of those external resources needed for technical rescue incidents. 2-3 Safety. 2-3.1 General. 2-3.1.1 All personnel shall receive training related to the hazards and risks associated with search and rescue operations at technical rescue incidents. 2-3.1.2 The authority having jurisdiction shall ensure that there is a standard operating procedure to evacuate members from an area and account for their safety when an imminent hazard condition is discovered during water rescue training. This procedure shall include a method to notify all members in the affected area immediately be means of audible warning devices and radio signals. 2-3.1.3 Where members are operating in positions or performing functions at training exercises that pose a high risk of injury, qualified medical personnel shall be standing by with medical equipment and transportation capability. 2-3.1.4 The incident commander shall ensure the establishment of an effective rehabilitation system during training. 2-3.1.5 The incident commander shall ensure rotation of personnel to reduce stress and fatigue during training. 2-3.1.6 The incident commander shall ensure that all personnel are aware of the potential impact of their operations on the safety and welfare of other rescuers, victims, and other activities at the incident site during training. 2-3.1.7 All personnel shall receive training for conducting search and rescue operations in a safe and effective manner while using appropriate personal protective equipment. 2-3.1.8 All required training shall be provided in such a way as to emphasize the importance of personal safety and guidelines for operating safely in and around the scene of a technical rescue incident. 2-3.1.9 The authority having jurisdiction shall provide the necessary continuing education to maintain all requirements of the members identified proficiency level. 2-3.1.10 The authority having jurisdiction is responsible for the documentation of all required training. This documentation shall contain each recipients name, the signatures or initials of the trainers, the dates of training, an outline of the training conducted, and resource materials used to develop the training. This documentation will be maintained and available for inspection by individual team members and their authorized representatives. 2-3.2 Safety Officer. 2-3.2.1* At technical rescue emergencies and training exercises, the incident commander shall assign a safety officer with specific responsibility for the identification, the evaluation, and, when possible, the correction of hazardous conditions and unsafe practices. 2-3.2.2* The safety officer shall be readily identifiable. 2-3.3 Personal Protective Equipment. 2-3.3.1 The authority having jurisdiction shall provide appropriate protective clothing and equipment to provide protection from those hazards to which personnel are exposed or might be exposed. Such protective equipment shall be appropriate to the tasks that are expected to be performed during structural collapse training exercises. 2-3.3.2 Personnel shall be trained in the care, use, inspection, maintenance, and limitations of the protective clothing and equipment assigned or available for their use. 2-3.3.3 The authority having jurisdiction shall ensure that all personnel wear and use appropriate personal protective equipment while working in known or suspected hazardous areas during structural collapse training exercises. 2-3.4 Equipment. 2-3.4.1* The authority having jurisdiction shall provide safety equipment, commensurate with the respective operational capability, for safe and effective operations at structural collapse training exercises. 2-3.4.2 Training shall be provided to ensure that all equipment is maintained in accordance with the manufacturers' instructions. 2-3.4.3 The AHJ shall ensure that fresh-air breathing apparatus in the form of Supplied Air Respirators (SAR) or Self-contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) are available when required for technical rescue operations. All apparatus shall be worn in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. An adequate supply source providing a minimum of Grade D breathing air shall be provided for all fresh-air breathing apparatus. SAR must be used in conjunction with a self-contained breathing air supply capable of providing enough air for egress in the event of a primary air supply failure. 4-4.4 The AHJ shall ensure that all equipment used for lighting, communications, ventilation, or atmospheric monitoring in or near an atmosphere containing a flammable gas with a concentration greater than 0% of it=s LFL shall have a minimum intrinsic rating of Class I&II, Division I&II, Group A-F. This rating must be certified by a nationally recognized test laboratory. 2-3.5 Incident Management System. 2-3.5.1 The authority having jurisdiction shall provide training on the implementation of an incident management system that meets the requirements of NFPA 1561, Standard on Fire Department Incident Management System. 2-3.5.2 The authority having jurisdiction shall provide training on the implementation of an incident personnel accountability system that meets the requirements of Section 4-3 of NFPA 1561, Standard on Fire Department Incident Management System. 2-3.5.3 The authority having jurisdiction shall ensure that there is a standard operating procedure to evacuate members from an area and to account for their safety when an imminent hazard condition is discovered. This procedure shall include a method to notify all members in the affected area immediately by means of audible warning devices and radio signals. 2-3.5.4* Where members are operating in positions or performing functions at training exercises that pose a high potential risk of injury, qualified basic life-support personnel shall be standing by with medical equipment and transportation capability. 2-3.5.5 The incident commander shall ensure the establishment of an effective rehabilitation system. 2-3.5.6 The incident commander shall ensure rotation of personnel to reduce stress and fatigue. 2-3.5.7 The incident commander shall ensure that all personnel are aware of the potential impact of their operations on the safety and welfare of other rescuers, victims, and other activities at the incident site. 2-3.6 Fitness. The authority having jurisdiction shall ensure that members are physically and medically capable to perform assigned duties and functions at technical rescue operations and training exercises in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.134, and Chapter 8 of NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program. Chapter 3 Structual Collapse 3-1 Operational Capability. 3-1.1* The authority having jurisdiction shall establish the level of operational capability needed to conduct search and rescue operations at structural collapse incidents safely and effectively, based on hazard and risk assessment, training level of personnel, and availability of internal and external resources. 3-1.2 The authority having jurisdiction shall establish written standard operating procedures consistent with one of the following four operational levels. (a) Basic Operational Level. This level represents the minimum capability to conduct safe and effective search and rescue operations at structural collapse incidents. Members trained at this level shall be competent at surface rescue involving minimal removal of debris and building contents to extricate easily-accessible victims. (b) Light Operational Level. This level represents the minimum capability to conduct safe and effective search and rescue operations at structural collapse incidents involving the collapse or failure of light-frame ordinary construction. (c) Medium Operational Level. This level represents the minimum capability to conduct safe and effective search and rescue operations at structural collapse incidents involving the collapse or failure of cinder block and reinforced and unreinforced masonry construction. (d) Heavy Operational Level. This level represents the minimum capability to conduct safe and effective search and rescue operations at structural collapse incidents involving the collapse or failure of concrete tilt-up, reinforced concrete, and steel frame construction. 3-1.3* Members shall perform search and rescue operations in a safe manner consistent with the identified level of operational capability. 3-1.4 Operational procedures shall not exceed the identified level of capability. 3-2 Training. 3-2.1* The authority having jurisdiction shall provide training for all members in meeting their responsibilities at structural collapse incidents that is commensurate with the identified operational capability. The minimum training for all members shall be at the basic operational level. Fire Fighter II Members expected to perform at a higher operational level shall be trained to that level. 3-2.2 Basic Operational Level. Training for the basic operational level shall include: (a)* Size-up of existing and potential conditions and the identification of the resources necessary to conduct safe and effective search and rescue operations. (b)* Procedures for implementing an Incident Management System (IMS) for structural collapse incidents that meets the requirements of NFPA 1561, Standard on Fire Department Incident Management System. (c) Procedures for the acquisition, coordination, and utilization of resources. (d)* Procedures for implementing site control and scene management. (e) Identification, utilization, and proper care of personal protective equipment needed for operations at structural collapse incidents. (f)* Identification of construction types and characteristics and the expected behavior of each type in a structural collapse incident. (g)* Identification of four types of collapse patterns and potential victim locations. (h)* Recognition of the potential for secondary collapse. (i)* Recognition of the general hazards associated with a structural collapse and the operations necessary for the safe mitigation of these hazards. (j)* Procedures for conducting searches at structural collapse incidents using appropriate methods for the specific type of collapse. (k)* Procedures for implementation of a search marking system. (l)* Instruction on the need for and the implementation of a structural identification marking system and a structural hazard marking system. (m)* Procedures for the extrication of victims from structural collapse incidents. (n)* Procedures for providing medical care for victims. Exception: Personnel that have been certified to the Fire Fighter II level of NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications shall be accepted as meeting the intent of this section. 3-2.3 Light Operational Level. 3-2.3.1 Personnel shall meet all basic operational level training requirements specified in Section 4-2. In addition, members shall be trained in hazard recognition, equipment use, and techniques necessary to operate safely and effectively at structural collapse incidents involving the collapse or failure of light-frame ordinary construction as specified in this section. 3-2.3.2 Personnel shall be trained to recognize the unique hazards associated with the collapse or failure of light-frame ordinary construction. Training shall include, but shall not be limited to: (a) Recognition of the building materials and structural components associated with light-frame ordinary construction. (b) Recognition of unstable collapse and failure zones of light-frame ordinary construction. (c) Recognition of collapse patterns and probable victim locations associated with light-frame ordinary construction. 3-2.3.3* Personnel shall be trained in the procedures for performing search operations intended to locate victims who are not readily visible and who are trapped inside and beneath debris of light-frame ordinary construction. 3-2.3.4 Personnel shall be trained in the procedures for performing access operations intended to reach victims trapped inside and beneath debris associated with light-frame ordinary construction. Training shall include, but shall not be limited to: (a) Techniques to lift structural components of walls, floors, or roofs safely and effectively. (b) Shoring techniques to construct temporary structures needed to stabilize and support structural components safely and effectively to prevent movement of walls, floors, or roofs. (c) Breaching techniques to create openings in structural components of walls, floors, or roofs safely and effectively. (d)* Operation of appropriate tools and equipment to accomplish the above tasks safely and effectively. 3-2.3.5 Personnel shall be trained in procedures for performing extrication operations involving packaging, treating, and removing victims trapped within and beneath debris associated with light-frame construction. Training shall include, but shall not be limited to: (a) Packaging victims within confined areas. (b) Removing victims from elevated or below-grade areas. (c) Providing initial medical treatment to victims. (d) Operating appropriate tools and equipment to accomplish the above tasks safely and effectively. 3-2.4 Medium Operational Level. 3-2.4.1* Personnel shall meet all light operational level training requirements specified in Section 4-3. In addition, members shall be trained in hazard recognition, equipment use, and techniques necessary to operate safely and effectively at structural collapse incidents involving the collapse or failure of cinder blocks and reinforced and unreinforced masonry construction. 3-2.5* Heavy Operational Level. Personnel shall meet all medium operational level training requirements specified in Section 4-4. In addition, members shall be trained in hazard recognition, equipment use, and techniques necessary to operate safely and effectively at structural collapse incidents involving the collapse or failure of concrete tilt-up, reinforced concrete, and steel construction. Chapter 4 Rope Resuce 4-1 Operational Capability 4-1.1 The authority having jurisdiction shall establish levels of operational capability needed to conduct operations at rope rescue incidents safely and effectively, based on hazard and risk assessment, training level of personnel, and the availability of internal and external resources. 4-1.2 The authority having jurisdiction shall establish written standard operating procedures consistent with one of the following operational levels. (a) Awareness Level. This level represents the minimum capability to identity rope rescue emergencies, their hazards and to recognize the need for additional resources capable of successfully a rescue operation. Members trained at this level shall be competent in recognizing the need for a rope rescue operation, recognizing the hazards associated with rope rescue operations, and be capable of conducting an approach assessment and resource assessment. (b) Operations Level. This level represents the minimum capability to provide basic rigging and support operations at a rope rescue operation. This may include but not limited to operating on a haul team, as well as other support operations. (c) Technician level: This level represents the minimum capability to conduct a safe and effective rope rescue operations requiring the placement of a rescuer in a position that would be considered a high or low angle environment. 4-1.3 Members shall perform rope rescue operations in a safe manner consistent with the identified level of training. 4-1.4 Operational procedures shall not exceed the identified level of capability. 4-1.5 Special Definitions Terms contained herein are defined for the purpose of this document as it relates to rope rescue. For additional applicable definitions refer to NFPA 1983. Abrasion. The damaging effect on rope and other equipment caused by friction like movement. Anchor (Anchor Point) . A substantial unconditional secure connection for an anchor. It will range in size from a piece of hardware wedged in the crack of a rock to a large tree or rock. Anchor System . Multiple anchor points rigged in such a way that together they provide a "bombproof" anchor. Approach Assessment. Actions taken by the first arriving personnel at the site of a rope rescue operation to determine hazards, type of emergency and additional resource requirements. Approved . Acceptable to the Authority Having Jurisdiction Ascent Device (Ascender) . A rope rescue system component; a friction or mechanical device utilitized to allow ascending a fixed line. Ascending (line) . A means of traveling up a fixed line with the use of an ascent device. Authority Having Jurisdiction. The organization, office, or individual responsible for approving equipment, an installation, or a procedure. Auxilary Equipment - Belay . (refer to astm) Belayer . The one who performs the belay. Bend. A knot that joins two ropes. Bight. The open loop in a rope formed when it is doubled back on itself. Bombproof. An anchor that will not fail. Brake Bar Rack. A descending device consisting of a "U"- shaped metal bar to which are attached several metal bars that create friction on the rope. Some "racks" are restricted to use for personal rappelling, while others may also be used for rescuer lowering. Cams. A generic term for ascenders that grip the rope through pressure. Some cams are spring-loaded to assist in this function. Carabiners. Metal snap links used to connect elements of a high angle system. Changeover. To transfer from an ascending mode to a rappelling mode, or from a rappelling mode to an ascending mode. Chest Harness. A type of harness worn around the chest for upper body support. In the high angle environment, it should never be used as the only source of support, but always be used in combination with a seat harness. Descender. Metal device that, through friction with the rope, creates braking action for a controlled rappel or lowering. Directional. A technique for repositioning a rope at a more favorable angle than would exist using only its anchor. Dynamic Rope. A type of rope designed for high stretch to reduce the shock on the climber and anchor system. Usually employed in rock climbing and mountaineering. Edge Rollers. In-line, free-turning rollers that are anchored at an edge of a cliff or building to reduce rope friction. Edge Tender. A person connected to a safety attachment who works at the edge of a drop in a high angle lowering. His duties include assistance in getting the litter over the edge, reducing edge abrasion to the rope, and, when necessary, relaying communications between the litter tender and the brakeman. Emergency Seat Harness. A temporary, tied harness to be used when a manufactured, sewn seat harness is not available. Fall Factor. A calculation used to estimate the impact forces on a rope when it is subjected to stopping a falling person. It is expressed as a number to indicate the relation between rope length and the distance the person falls. Figure 8 Descender. A device used for rappelling and, in some cases, for lowering. It is in the general shape of an "8," with a large ring to create friction on the rope and a smaller ring for attaching to a seat harness. Full Body Harness. A type of harness that offers both pelvic and upper body support as one unit. Haul Cam. A cam ascender (or Prusik knot) that grips the rope to provide the "bite" in hauling. Haul Team. The group of persons who provide the power to raise the load. Highline. A system of using a rope suspended from between two points to move persons or equipment over an area that is a barrier to the rescue operation. Kernmantle. A rope design consisting of two elements: an interior core (kern) which supports the major portion of the load on the rope, and an outer sheath (mantle) which serves primarily to protect the core and also supports a minor portion of the load. KevlarJ. Trade name for a type of Aramid fiber manufactured by the Dupont Corporation and which has high tensile strength, low elongation and high resistance to heat. Laid Rope. A rope design that consists of fiber bundles twisted around one another. Load. That which is being lowered or raised by rope in a high angle system. Some examples include a rescue subject, a rescuer and subjects in a litter with an attached litter tender. Locking Carabiner.A carabiner with a locking sleeve on its gate side that secures the gate shut. Locking Off. The technique of tying off a rope into a descender so that the rappelled can stop the descent or lowering and operate hands free of the rope. Mechanical Advantage. The relationship of how much load can be moved to the amount of force it takes to move it. Actual Mecanical Advantage (AMA) - Theoretical Mechanical Advantage (TMA). Mechanical advantage without allowance for friction and other losses of advantage. Mechanical Ascenders. Rope grab devices used by individuals to ascend a fixed rope or, with specific types of ascenders, used in the creation of hauling systems. There are two categories of ascenders: (1) handled ascenders normally used for no more than one person's body weight and (2) cams which are used both as personal ascenders and for hauling systems. Munter Hitch. A type of running knot that slips around a carabiner to create friction against itself. It is commonly used in belaying. Non-Locking Carabiner. A carabiner without a means of securing its gate shut. Pig Tail. A short piece of rope with which the litter tender attaches to the litter system. Piggyback System. Common name given to a specific type of 4:1 hauling system in which one 2:1 system is attached to ("piggybacked onto") another 2:1 system. Prusik. A type of friction knot used to grip the rope for haul and belay systems. Prusik Loop. A continuous loop of rope in which a Prusik knot is tied. Pulley. A device with a free-turning, grooved metal wheel (sheave) used to reduce rope friction, and which has side plates to which a carabiner may be attached. Rappelling. The controlled descent of a rope using the friction of the rope against one's body or through a descender. Ratchet Cam. The cam ascender (or Prusik knot) in a hauling system that holds the rope to prevent the load from slipping while the haul team resets the system to get another "bite" on the rope. In some hauling systems, the ratchet cam may be the same as the safety cam. Safety Belt. A belt-like harness worn around the waist to prevent falls from elevated positions. Should never be used as sole means of suspension. Safety Cam. The cam ascender (or Prusik knot) in a hauling system that prevents the rope and the load from accidentally slipping should a mishap occur to the haul system. In some hauling systems, the safety cam may be the same as the ratchet cam. Safety Factor. The ratio between the maximum load expected on a rope and the rope's breaking strength. The larger the ratio, the greater the safety factor. Safety Officer. An individual qualified by the authority having jurisdiction to maintain a safe working environment. Seat Harness. A system of nylon or polyester webbing that wraps and supports the pelvic region to attach the wearer to the rope or other protection in the high angle environment. Self-Equalizing Anchor. An anchor system established from two or more anchor points that: a) maintains near equal loading on the anchor points despite direction changes on the main line rope, and b) reestablishes equal loading on remaining anchor points if any one of them fails. Software. A category of high angle equipment that is not hardware. In this category are rope and webbing. Spider. The system of attaching a lowering rope to a litter. A spider usually has four or more legs that connect to various points of a litter to equalize loading. Static Rope. A type of rope designed for low stretch. It is used in applications such as rescue, rappelling, and ascending where high stretch would be a disadvantage and where no falls, or very short falls, are expected before being caught by the rope. Stopper Knot. A knot that helps provide security in rope work. Examples would be a Simple Figure 8 tied in the bottom end of a rope to prevent a person from rappelling off the end or tied in an end of the rope to prevent it from accidentally slipping through equipment. System. The combination of all the various elements, including rope, hardware, anchors, etc., used in the high angle environment. Tag Line (1). The line that is attached to a load on a highline and is used to control the load from the far-side point. Tag Line (2). A line attached to a load that can be used to maneuver the load and prevent it from snagging, and to hold it away from a structure. Tensile Strength. A measurement of the greatest lengthwise stress that a rope or piece of equipment can resist without failure. Traveling Pulley. A moving pulley that is attached to a load or to a haul cam and which adds to the mechanical advantage. Z Rig. Common name given to a specific type of 3:1 hauling system. The name is taken from the general shape that the rope makes as it runs through the system. 4-2 Training 4-2.1 The authority having jurisdiction shall provide training for all members in meeting their responsibilities at rope rescue incidents that is commensurate with the identified operational capability. The minimum training for all members shall be at the awareness level. Members expected to perform at a higher operational level shall be trained to that level. 4-2.2 Awareness Level 4-2.2.1 Training at the awareness level shall include: (a) Conducting a size up, and implementing the "Assessment Phase" of a rope rescue operation, including an approach assessment and a resource assessment, and identification of the resources necessary to conduct a safe and effective rope rescue operation. (b) Procedures for implementing the "Preparation Phase" of a rope rescue operation and the associated planning. (c) Procedures for implementing an Incident Management System (IMS) for rope rescue incidents that meets the requirements of NFPA 1561. "Standard on Fire Department Incident Management Systems". (d) Procedures for implementing site control and scene management. 4-2.2.2 Awareness level individual performance requirements: (a) Identification, utilization, and proper care of personal protective equipment needed for operations at rope rescue incident. (b) Recognition of the general hazards associated with a rope rescue incident and the operations necessary for the safe mitigation of these hazards. (c) Recognition of other hazards that may also be present at the scene of rope rescue incidents including but not limited to those found in confined spaces, trenches and caves. (d) Procedures to make a proper "Risk / Benefit analysis" as it relates to rope rescue incidents. (e) Procedures for rapid extrication of victims that are trapped by fire or other condition that may cause death or serious injury should immediate action not be taken. (f) Recognition of the difference between a "Rescue" v.s. a "Recovery". 4-2.3 Operations Level 4-2.3.1 Personnel shall meet all awareness level training requirements and all requiremtns specified in Section 4-2. In addition members shall be trained in support function tasks. These include the participation in a haul team and other support functions. Exception: Personnel that have been certified to the Fire Fighter II level of NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications shall be accepted as meeting the intent of this section. 4-2.3.2 Personnel shall be trained to recognize the hazards associated with rope rescue emergencies. Personnel shall be trained in basic rigging and support functions: (a) Demonstrate proficiency in the placement of ropes and rigging as directed by a sector officer. (b) Demonstrate proficiency in the placement and use of belay devices at the direction of a sector officer. (c) Demonstrate proficiency in the acquisition, coordination, and utilization of resources. (d) Demonstrate proficiency in operating within a haul team to remove victims. (e) Define the basic rope configurations (knots, hitches, and bends), and apply them to the rigging concepts necessary for rappelling, emergency egress, and single line pick offs. (f) Identify the major components of NFPA 1983, Standard on Fire Department Life Safety Rope, Harnesses and Hardware, 1990 edition, and apply the definitions to fire service rigging concepts and equipment construction. (g) Demonstrate with proficiency the ability to produce the following rope and webbing configurations: a. Bight b. Loop c. Round turn d. Single figure eight (stopper knot) e. Figure eight on a bight f. Figure eight bend g. Butterfly knot h. Double fishermans bend i. Prussik hitch j. Overhand safety knot k. Bowline l. Emergency egress seat m. Modified@swiss seat@ n. water bend o. hasty hitch p. Tensionless hitch (h) Demonstrate an acceptable anchor location for emergency egress and victim pick off operations. (i) Demonstrate the proper methods necessary to rig a rappel line for a single rope technique with a bottom belay. (j) Demonstrate safe edge management including: rope / edge protection, safety tethers, and communications techniques. (k) Demonstrate how to perform a controlled decent on a fixed line using a decent device. (l) Demonstrate the proper technique for bottom belaying a person on rappel. (m) Demonstrate the proper technique for locking and tying off a figure eight plate while on rappel. (n) Demonstrate how to perform an on rope self rescue using a Aprussik cord@ loop. (o) Describe the proccedure for inspecting and removing damaged equipment from service. (p) Describe the function of ther basic hardware used in high angle operations. 4-2.3.3 Personnel shall be trained in the procedures for performing "Pre Operational Checks" to identify and control hazards, and procedures for making the general area safe and the rescue area safe. Training shall include but shall not be limited to: (a) Show proficiency in identifying and controlling hazards associated with general area of a rope rescue emergency. (b) Show proficiency in procedures for making the general area safe. (c) Show proficiency in procedures for making the rescue area safe. 4-2.4 Technician Level 4-2.4.1 Performance requirements at the technical level shall include all awareness and operational level requirements specified in section 4-2 and 4.3. 4-2.4.2 Personnel shall be trained to recognize the unique hazards associated with the actual entry and rescue from elevated man made and natural structures. Training shall include, but not be limited to: (a) Describe potential rope rescue situations and prescribe the most appropriate and safe manner of access and removal of the victim. (b) Identify the critical angles in anchor attachment and change of direction techniques and determine the safest angles to use. (c) Given a diagram of different pulley systems determine the theoretical mechanical advantage of each system. (d) Demonstrate with proficiency the ability to make the following rope and webbing configurations: a. Tandem, three wrap prusik grab b. Two point self equalizing anchor c. Three point self equalizing anchor d. Webbing load releasing hitch e. Munter hitch f. Double loop figure eight (e) Demonstrate the procedure used to secure a patient to a stokes type litter (f) Demonstrate the method used to perform a controlled descent on a fixed line using a rappel rack. (g) Demonstrate the proper technique for locking and tying off a rappel rack. (h) Demonstrate the proper technique for top belaying a person on a fixed line rappel. (i) Demonstrate ascending a fixed rope using a three prussic system or mechanical ascenders. (j) Demonstrate the procedure used to build a load releasing hitch. (k) Demonstrate passing a knot through a rigging rack using a load releasing hitch. (l) Demonstrate using a dual line lowering system with safeties. (m) Demonstrate proficiency in building the following mechanical advantage systems: a. 2:1 simple b. 3:1 simple c. 4:1 simple d. 4:1 compound e. 5:1 simple (n) Demonstrate the procedure for rigging a dual line raise system with safeties. (o) Describe how highlines can be used while preforming rescue operations. (p) Describe the basic elements and limitations of a rescue highline system. (q) Demonstrate the procedures for rigging a highline using a single main line, a lowering / belay line, and a tag line. (r) Demonstrate the procedure used to rig a litter and a tender attachment for a highline. (s) Describe under what circumstances a highline constructed of parallel main lines would be perfurable to a highline constructed of a single main line. 4-2.4.3 Personnel shall be trained in "Pre-entry Operations". Training shall include but not be limited to. (a) Identify "special operations" sectors, groups or divisions with specific job functions necessary to safely and efficiently conduct a rope rescue. (b) Identify the proper personal protective equipment necessary to conduct the operation. 4-2.4.4 Personnel shall be trained in the procedures for performing the "Rescue" phase of a rope rescue incident, intended to retrieve or aid victims during a rope rescue emergency. Training shall include, but not be limited to: (a) Identify the procedures for selection of entry team personnel. (b) Identify the selection of equipment needed for the rope rescue operation. (c) Show proficiency in conducting a "pre-entry" briefing. (d) Identify the necessary forms for record keeping and documentation during entry operations. (e) Identify emergencies which may be experienced by entry teams while conducting rope rescue operations. 4-2.4.5 Personnel shall be trained in the procedures for the "Patient Access and Disentanglement and Removal" phase of a rope rescue incident, intended to locate and remove any entrapment mechanism. Training shall include, but not be limited to: (a) Demonstrate proficiency in assessing the method of entrapment. (b) Identify the proper patient packaging methods and devices necessary for the safe and effective removal of victims during a rope rescue incident. (c) Show proficiency in providing basic life support during extrication, and the identification of additional advanced life support needs. (d) Show proficiency in creating support systems to protect the operation during inclement weather. 4-2.4.6 Personnel shall be trained in the procedures for the "Termination" phase of a rope rescue operation. Training shall include, but not be limited to: (a) Demonstrate proficiency in implementing an accountability of all scene personnel (b) Identify of the need for critical incident stress debriefing (CISD). (c) Identify procedures for documentation of victim location and surroundings when found. (d) Demonstrate proficiency in inventory and accountability of all equipment used. (e) Demonstrate proficiency for securing the scene after rescue operations. (f) Demonstrate proficiency for the removal of rigging used during the operation. Chapter 5 Confined Space Rescue 5-1 Operational Capability 5-1.1 The authority having jurisdiction shall establish levels of operational capability needed to conduct operations at confined space rescue incidents safely and effectively, based on hazard and risk assessment, training level of personnel, and the availability of internal and external resources. 5-1.1.1 The requirements of this chapter apply to organizations that provide varying degrees of response to confined space emergencies. While much of this chapter applies to CSR in industrial settings, it is intended for all emergencies involving rescue from spaces meeting the characteristics of Permit Required Confined Spaces as defined within this standard. 1-1.2* This chapter identifies requirements established in Chapter 29, Part 1910, Section 146 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) known as Permit-Required Confined Spaces. This chapter is applicable to all confined space rescue teams including those from industrial, municipal, and private sector organizations. 5-1.1.2 This standard identifies and references nationally recognized standards and recommendations for industrial confined space rescue. The scope of this standard has been expanded to include all confined space rescue incidents and response organizations including those not regulated by federal mandate. Where federally mandated requirements exist, this standard will include or more stringently apply the intent of those requirements. 5-1.2 The authority having jurisdiction shall establish written standard operating procedures consistent with one of the following operational levels. (a) Awareness Level. Those persons who, in the course of their normal duties or as part of the initial response to a scene, may be the first responders to an emergency involving a confined space. Confined Space Rescuers at the awareness level conduct hazard assessments, implement an incident management system, perform certain non-entry confined space rescues, know when to summon additional resources, and assist operational and technical level rescue teams during rescue operations. (a) Awareness Level. This level represents the minimum capability to identity confined spaces and permit spaces, their hazards and to recognize the need for additional resources capable of acting as the Rescue Service. Organizations trained at this level shall be competent in recognizing confined spaces, recognizing the hazards associated with confined spaces, be capable of conducting an approach assessment and resource assessment, and capable of performing certain non-entry rescues. Organizations at this level shall meet all associated individual and team requirements listed in Chapter 3 of this document. (b) Operational Level. Those persons who respond to confined space emergencies as part of the initial response to the scene. Confined space rescuers at the operational level conduct expanded hazard assessments, expand the incident management system, perform non-entry and certain qualifying entry-type confined space rescues, know when to summon additional resources, and assist technical level rescue teams during rescue operations. (b) Operational Level. This level represents the minimum capability to conduct a safe and effective permit space rescue operation requiring non-entry (external) rescue and certain entry-type rescues. Organizations at this level shall meet all associated individual and team requirements listed in Chapter 3 of this document. (c) Technical Level. Those people that respond to confined space emergencies as part of a confined space rescue team for the purpose of entering confined spaces and permit-required confined spaces to rescue and/or recover victims. Confined Space Rescuers at the technical level are expected to use personal protective equipment, wear appropriate personal protective clothing, use specialized equipment, and posses the knowledge and skills to choose and implement an appropriate rescue option for a wide variety of confined space emergencies requiring entry-type rescue. (c) Technical Level. This level represents the minimum capability to conduct a safe and effective permit space rescue operation requiring the placement of Aentrants@ into the space. Organizations at this level shall meet all associated individual and team requirements listed in Chapter 3 of this document. 5-1.3 Members shall perform rope rescue operations in a safe manner consistent with the identified level of training. 5-1.4 Operational procedures shall not exceed the identified level of capability. 5-1.5 Special Definitions Terms contained herein are defined for the purpose of this document as it relates to rope rescue. For additional applicable definitions refer to NFPA 1983. Acceptable Entry Conditions. The conditions that must exist in a permit space to allow entry and to ensure that personnel involved with a permit-required confined space entry can safely enter into and work within the space. Adjacent Spaces. Those spaces in all directions from a confined space, including all points of contact, corners, diagonals, decks, tank tops and bulkheads. Attendant. An individual stationed outside one or more permit spaces who monitors the authorized entrants and who performs all of the following duties: (1) Remains outside the permit space during entry operations until relieved by another attendant; (2) Summon rescue and other emergency medical services as soon as the attendant determines that authorized entrants may need assistance to escape from permit space hazards; (3) Performs non-entry rescues as specified by the rescue procedure listed on the permit. Authorized Entrant (or Entrant). A person designated to enter permit spaces meeting the following training requirements for each specific space they enter: (1) Hazard Recognition - Including recognition of the signs and symptoms of exposure to a hazardous material or atmosphere within the space, understanding of consequences of exposure, and the mode of transmission for the hazard (injection, ingestion, inhalation, or absorption). (2) Communications - Including the method by which Rescue services are to be summoned in the event of an emergency, the method by which the entrant will communicate with the attendant on the outside of the space, and a backup method of communication should the primary system fail. (3) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - Including all PPE appropriate for the permit space and proper training and documentation of training in it=s use. (4) Self-Rescue - The method by which the entrant will escape from the space should an emergency occur. This includes self-actuated methods (such as climbing a ladder or crawling through a horizontal manway opening) as well as those externally applied and operated (such as a hauling system attached to the entrant and operated by the rescue team). Blanking and Blinding. The absolute closure of a pipe, line, or duct by fastening a solid plate (such as a spectacle blind or skillet blind) that completely covers the bore and that is capable of withstanding the maximum pressure of the pipe, line or duct with no leakage beyond the plate. Blocking. The shutting off of a pipe, line, or duct by closure of a valve. This method alone is considered unreliable as a means of completely isolating a space from introduction of contaminants. Chemical. Any compound, mixture, or solution in the form of a solid, liquid or gas, that may be hazardous by virtue of its properties other than or in addition to flammability, or by virtue of the properties of compounds that might be evolved from hot or cold work. Combustible liquid. Any liquid having a flash point (open cup) at or above 80 degrees F. (26.6 C) Confined Space. A space that: (1) Is large enough and so configured that a person can enter and perform assigned work; and (2) Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (for example, tanks, vessels, silos, storage bins, hoppers, vaults, and pits are spaces that may have limited means of entry.); and (3) Is not designed for continuous human occupancy. Emergency. Any occurrence (including any failure of hazard control or monitoring equipment) or event internal or external to the space that could endanger entrants. Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Referred to as AEmergency Services@ in OSHA confined space regulations. This term applies to the organization(s) responsible for the care and transport of sick and injured persons to an appropriate emergency care facility. Engulfment. The surrounding and effective capture of a person by a fluid (i.e., liquid, finely divided particulate) substance that can be aspirated to cause death by filling or plugging the respiratory system or that can exert enough force on the body to cause death by strangulation, constriction or crushing. Entry. Includes ensuing work activities in that space and is considered to have occurred as soon as any part of the entrant=s body breaks the plane of an opening into the space. Entry Permit. A written or printed document, established by an employer in applicable OSHA regulated industrial facilities for non-rescue entry into permit spaces, that: (1) Authorizes specific employees to enter a permit-required confined space. (2) Contains specific information under paragraph (f) of the OSHA permit-required confined space standard. In certain industry, OSHA does not require a permit system even though spaces may be present meeting the characteristics of Permit Required Confined Spaces as defined within this standard. In these cases, as well as cases of unauthorized entry into spaces meeting the requirements of Permit Required, a permit will not be available for reference by the Rescue team. The space must be completely assessed before entry can be safely made. OSHA does not require rescuers to have a permit to rescue although it is advisable for the rescue team to follow the same type of permit procedures to ensure safety. Flammable. Capable of burning. The words "flammable" and "inflammable" are interchangeable or synonymous terms. Flammable liquid. Any liquid having a flash point (closed cup) below 80 degrees F and a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 psi absolute at 80 degrees F. Hazardous Atmosphere. Any atmosphere that may expose personnel to the risk of death, incapacitation, injury, acute illness or impairment of the ability to self-rescue, from one or more of the following causes: (1) Flammable gas, vapor or mist in excess of 10 percent of its lower flammable limit (LFL) (2) Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds it=s LFL. This may be estimated by observing the density of the concentration. In general, if the concentration of dust obscures vision at a distance of 5 feet or less, it may be within it=s flammable range. (3) Atmospheric oxygen concentration below 19.5 percent or above 23.5 percent. (4) Atmospheric concentration of any hazardous substance that could result in exposure to personnel in excess of its dose or permissible exposure limit (PEL) (5) Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH). Any condition that would: (1) Pose an immediate or delayed threat to life. (2) Cause irreversible adverse health effects. (3) Interfere with an individual's ability to escape unaided from a permit space. Lockout. A method for keeping equipment from being set in motion and endangering workers. A disconnect switch, circuit breaker, valve, or other energy-isolating mechanism to hold it in a safe position. A lock is attached so that equipment cannot be energized, in accordance with OSHA 1910. 147. This is usually performed in combination with a Tagout procedure in which a warning tag is applied to the lockout device to alert personnel to the danger. Oxygen-Deficient atmosphere. At atmosphere inside a confined space containing less than 19.5 percent oxygen by volume. Oxygen-Enriched Atmosphere. An atmosphere inside a confined space containing more than 23.5 percent oxygen by volume. Permit Required Confined Space (or Permit Space). A confined space that has one or more of the following characteristics: (1) Contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere; (2) Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant; (3) Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section; or (4) Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard (including fall, environmental, and equipment hazards). Personal Protective Equipment. The equipment provided to shield or isolate personnel from the chemical, physical, atmospheric and thermal hazards that can be encountered at an confined space incident. Personal protective equipment includes protective clothing and respiratory protection. Adequate personal protective equipment should protect the respiratory system, skin, eyes, face, hands, feet, body and ears. Rescue Attendant. A member of the rescue service meeting all requirements of Attendant as defined within this standard and acting in that capacity during a confined space rescue. Rescue Entrant. A person entering a permit space for the specific purpose of rescue. This person shall meet the training requirements of an Authorized Entrant and all requirements of members of the Rescue Service as defined within this standard. Rescue Equipment. The equipment (including life safety rope, Class III harnesses, manually operated lowering and lifting devices, anchoring systems, and other adjunct rescue equipment as appropriate) used for rescue of persons from permit spaces. All equipment shall meet appropriate standards (where they exists) established in NFPA 1983 and shall be certified by the manufacturer as equipment designed for rescue. All equipment must be used in a manner approved by the manufacturer. Rescue Service. The confined space rescue team designated by the authority having jurisdiction to rescue employees from permit spaces. This includes Operational and Technical levels of industrial, municipal, and private sector organizations. All Rescue Services shall meet the following minimum requirements: (1) Each member of the rescue service shall be provided with, and trained to use properly, the personal protective equipment and rescue equipment necessary for making rescues from permit spaces according to their designated level of competency. (2) Each member of the rescue service shall be trained to perform the assigned rescue duties corresponding to their designated level of competency. Each member of the rescue service shall also receive the training required of authorized entrants. (3) Each member of the rescue service shall practice making permit space rescues at least once every 3 months, by means of simulated rescue operations in which they remove dummies, manikins, or persons from the actual permit spaces or from representative permit spaces. Representative permit spaces shall, with respect to opening size, configuration, and accessibility, simulate the types of permit spaces from which rescue is to be performed. (4) Each member of the rescue service shall be certified to the level of First Responder or equivalent according to Department of Transportation (DOT) guidelines. Each member of the rescue service shall also successfully complete a course in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) taught through the American Heart Association (AHA) to the level of AHealth Care Provider,@ through the American Red Cross (ARC) to the ACPR for the Professional Rescuer@ level, or through the National Safety Council=s equivalent course of study. (5) The rescue service must be capable of responding in a timely manner to rescue summons. Timely is based on many factors such as perceived danger of the original entry (i.e., possible supplied breathing air required), distance to definitive medical care, capabilities of responding emergency medical services, etc. In trauma related injuries, the Golden hour principle may be used to determine how quickly the rescue service should be able to respond in order to deliver the patient to the appropriate treatment facility within an hour of onset of injuries. (6) Each member of the rescue service shall be properly equipped, trained and capable of functioning appropriately to perform permit space rescues within the facilities for which they are responsible at their designated level of competency. This must be confirmed by an annual evaluation of the Rescue service=s capabilities to verify that the needed capabilities are present to perform permit space rescues in terms of overall timeliness, training and equipment, and of performing safe and effective rescue in those spaces to which the team must respond. (7) Each member of the rescue service shall be aware of the hazards they may confront when called on to perform rescue within facilities for which they are responsible. (8) Within OSHA regulated facilities, the rescue service shall have access to all permit spaces from which rescue may be necessary so that they can develop appropriate rescue plans and practice rescue operations according to their designated level of competency. Rescue System. Combinations of rescue equipment used by the Rescue team for access and removal of persons from permit spaces during emergencies. Usually involving, but not limited to, manually operated mechanical systems used for lowering and hauling. Retrieval System. Combinations of rescue equipment used for non-entry (external) rescue of persons from permit spaces. In OSHA regulated facilities, these systems are required whenever an authorized entrant enters a permit space unless the retrieval system would increase the overall risk of entry or would not contribute to the rescue of the entrant. For confined space rescue operations, these systems shall be in place prior to entry (into vertical or horizontal spaces) in such a manner that retrieval of rescue entrants can begin immediately in the event of an emergency. Retrieval systems may also be used to act as a fall arresting device for rescue personnel. Rescue Team (or Team). A combination of individuals (minimum of six) trained and available to respond to confined space emergencies. This team may be trained to one of three proficiency levels: Awareness, Operational, or Technical. A rescue team must meet the operational or technical levels to qualify as a Rescue Service dependant upon the type and complexity of the CSR emergency. Self Rescue. The act of escaping unaided from a permit space. May also be used to reference the means by which an entrant will be rescued from the permit space if unaided escape is not possible. Tagout. (See Lockout) Testing. The process by which the hazards that may confront entrants of a permit space are identified and evaluated. Testing includes specifying tests that are to be performed in a confined space. Toxic Material. Any material whose properties are inherently injurious to biological systems. The degree of toxicity depends upon. (1) Concentration (2) Rate of absorption (3) Absorption site (4) Method of absorption 5-2 Training 5-2.1 The authority having jurisdiction shall provide training for all members in meeting their responsibilities at confined space incidents that is commensurate with the identified operational capability. The minimum training for all members shall be at the awareness level. Members expected to perform at a higher operational level shall be trained to that level. 5-2.1.1 The AHJ will provide the necessary continuing education to maintain all requirements of the rescue team=s identified proficiency level. This shall include annual performance evaluations of the team and it=s members based on requirements listed in this standard. 5-2.1.2 The AHJ is responsible for the documentation of all required training. This documentation shall contain each recipient=s name, the signatures or initials of the trainers, the dates of training, an outline of the training conducted, and resource materials used to develop the training. This documentation will be maintained and available for inspection by individual team members and their authorized representatives. 5-2.2 Awareness Level. A Confined Space Rescue team (CSRT) at the Awareness level shall meet the following requirements: (a) Conduct a Confined Space Survey in the organization=s response area at least annually, for the purpose of developing action plans for CSR. These surveys should include a general identification and location of spaces meeting the definition of APermit Required Confined Space@ and an update of the response planning assessment detailed in Chapter 2 of this standard. (b) Develop of Action Plans for each type of permit space to which the team must respond. A generic action plan may be developed for use in spaces with similar access, openings, and interior configurations. A generic action plan shall consider the Aworst case scenario@ when minor variations of the same permit space are present (i.e., multiple spaces with the same access and interior configuration with vertical openings ranging from 16- to 24-inches diameter. The plan should consider a 16-inch opening as worst case.) All team members must review action plans at least once annually. (c) Develop procedures for implementing an Incident Management System (IMS) for confined space rescue incidents that meets the requirements of NFPA 1561. "Standard on Fire Department Incident Management Systems". (d) Develop procedures for acquisition, coordination, and utilization of a rescue service. (e) Develop procedures for implementing site control and scene management. (f) Develop procedures for securing on-site information resources such as witnesses, entry supervisors, plant managers, engineers, or other responsible persons. (g) Develop procedures for using common non-entry commercial retrieval systems. Examples include simple winch and block devices used in conjunction with tripods, quadpods, or other manufactured portable anchor systems. 5-2.2.1 Awareness Level Individual Requirements. To achieve the level of Awareness, a Confined Space Rescuer shall meet the following general requirements: (a) A Confined Space Rescuer at the Awareness Level shall be trained to meet all the applicable requirements of this standard. (b) A Confined Space Rescuer at the Awareness Level shall meet all state and federal requirements regarding confined space rescue in the state in which they plan to work. (c) A Confined Space Rescuer at the Awareness Level shall be trained in Hazardous Material Awareness as per OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120 5-2.2.2 The objectives of the Awareness Level for Confined Space Rescuers shall be to provide initial response personnel with the knowledge to perform the following tasks safely: (a) Confined Space Incident Assessment: 1. Recognize the differences between a Confined Space and a Permit Required Confined Space (PRCS or Permit Space) as defined within this standard; 2. Recognize and Identify a Confined Space emergency; 3. Assess the perimeter surrounding the confined space incident to determine the presence of or potential for a hazardous condition that could pose a risk to rescuers during approach; 4. If a permit space is involved, collect information regarding the space including configuration, potential hazards, and patient information from the site representative(s), authority having jurisdiction, and/or witnesses; (b) Permit Space Hazard Assessment: 1. Be able to properly assess atmospheric monitoring equipment readings, including oxygen, LFL/LEL, and toxicity to determine if an atmosphere is Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH); 2. Be able to identify important industrial documentation useful in hazard assessment. This includes Entry Permits, Lock-out/Tag-out Procedures and checklists, and Hot Work Permits. From these documents, be able to select all applicable information for emergency responders; 3. Be able to select all applicable information necessary for emergency responders from a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS); 4. Describe the need for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) as per NFPA ___ and OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120; 5. Describe the need for decontamination of any patient or responder who may have been exposed to a hazardous material as per NFPA ___ and OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120; (c) Duties of Confined Space Rescuers: 1. Describe the duties of the confined space Attendant, Entrant, and Entry Supervisor as per OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146; 2. Describe the duties of the rescue attendant and rescue entrant as defined within this standard; (d) Rescue Procedures: 1. Be able to identify and operate common manually-operated commercial Non-Entry Retrieval Systems which may be used during confined space entry by workers. Examples include simple winch and block devices used in conjunction with tripod, quadpod, and other manufactured portable anchors. 2. Recognize the need for a confined space rescue service or additional resources when non-entry rescue is not possible; 3. Describe the procedures for notification of the designated rescue service and other resources necessary for initiation of permit space rescue. 5-2.2.3 The Confined Space Rescuer at the Awareness Level shall, given various industrial and non industrial settings and the necessary information, identify confined spaces, both permit and non permit required. To accomplish this, the Confined Space Rescuer at the Awareness Level shall be able to: (a) Identify the following definitions: 1. Confined Space 2. Permit Required Confined Space 3. Hazardous Atmosphere 4. Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) 5. Entry Supervisor 6. Attendant 7. Rescue Attendant 8. Entrant 9. Rescue Entrant 10. Confined Space Entry 11. Engulfment 12. Retrieval System 13. Supplied Air Respirator (with Escape Pack) 14. Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) 15. Acceptable Entry Conditions (b) Know the appropriate federal or state regulations concerning the entry into and the rescue from permit required spaces; (c) Identify typical occupancies within the community where permit required confined spaces can be found; (d) Identify vessels, shafts, containers, and spaces that would qualify as a permit required confined space by the definition of this standard; (e) Identify the pertinent information on an industrial confined space entry permit that would help the rescuer during hazard assessment; (f) Identify where the confined space permit can be found in an industrial setting; (g) Using an industrial confined space entry permit, identify the person responsible for the entry operation; (h) Describe the basic information on a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS); (i) Identify where a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) can be found at an industrial facility; 5-2.2.4 The Confined Space Rescuer at the Awareness Level shall, given various industrial and non industrial settings and the necessary information, identify whether the emergency involves a permit required confined space, the potential hazards associated with permit spaces, and if the permit space could possibly contain a hazardous material. To accomplish this, the Confined Space Rescuer at the Awareness Level shall be able to: (a) Identify the entries on a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) that can indicate a hazardous material and the ways that hazardous material could pose a risk to a would be rescuer during a confined space emergency; (b) Identify the ways permit required confined spaces can be harmful to rescuers including thermal, poisonous, corrosive, oxygen deficient, oxygen enriched, flammable, hydraulic, pneumatic, engulfing, entrapment, mechanical, etiological, and psychological hazards; (c) Identify any known hazard resulting from oxygenation, flammability, or toxicity within the permit space; (d) Recognize the need to collect the following information in order to properly assess the hazards: 1. Access to the permit space; 2. Internal configuration of the permit space; 3. Patient location and condition 4. Mechanism of injury 5. The location of the entry supervisor or a witness to the incident; 6. The current or expected condition of the permit space; 7. The industrial entry permit (if applicable); 8. Any other available documentation that may have been issued for the space such as a hot work permit; (e) Verify that all dangerous forms of energy have been identified and/or isolated well enough to allow entry for rescue. In industrial permit spaces, lockout/tagout documentation should be available to confirm completion of these procedures. (f) Be capable of identification, utilization, and proper care of personal protective equipment needed for operating safely around the perimeter of the confined space emergency. 5-2.2.5 The Confined Space Rescuer at the Awareness Level, shall be able to: (a) Identify general requirements, duties, and responsibilities for industrial permit entries as described in 29 CFR 1910.146, OSHA standard on APermit Required Confined Spaces for General Industry@ and the associated Compliance Directive; (b) Identify the initial notification procedures to summon rescuers for emergencies involving confined spaces; (c) Identify the organizations responsible for providing the confined space rescue service as specified by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ); (d) Describe the procedures for summoning the confined space Rescue Service and other supporting resources as specified by the Authority Having Jurisdiction. 5-2.2.6 The Confined Space Rescuer at the Awareness Level, given examples of incidents involving permit required confined spaces, shall be able to identify the appropriate response. This shall include the following: (a) Identify the actions to be taken to protect themselves and others; (b) Know when and how to contact additional resources necessary to provide the appropriate level of response for confined space incidents beyond the capability of awareness. This includes identification of these resources; (c) Isolate and deny entry to civilians and non essential personnel; (d) Identify techniques to isolate the hazard area and deny entry; (e) Identify pertinent response information from a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS); (f) Be able to identify and operate common manually-operated commercial non-entry retrieval systems as may be used by confined space entry workers. Examples include simple winch and block devices used in conjunction with tripod, quadpod, and other manufactured portable anchor systems. 5-2.3 Operational Level. Requirements for a Confined Space Rescue Team (CSRT) at the operational level shall include all awareness level requirements specified in Section 5-2.2 and requirements for a Confined Space Rescue Service as defined within this standard for non-entry and qualifying entry-type rescues only. The Confined Space Rescue Team (CSRT) at the operational level shall meet the following requirements: (a) Develop procedures for permit space hazard identification and the operations necessary for the safe mitigation of these hazards. (b) Develop procedures for entry-type rescues into permit spaces meeting specific qualifying characteristics: 1. The Rescue does not required the use of fresh air breathing apparatus; 2. The internal configuration of the space is clear and unobstructed so retrieval systems can be utilized; 3. The victim can be easily seen from the outside of the space=s primary access opening; 4. Rescuers in full protective clothing and harnesses can easily pass through the access/egress opening(s) with room to spare; 5. The space can accomodate two or more rescuers in addition to the victim; and 6. All hazards have been identified, isolated, and controlled. (c) Establishing "special operations" sectors, groups or divisions with specific job functions necessary to safely and efficiently conduct an entry-type confined space rescue in qualifying permit spaces. (d) Develop procedures to assure accountability of all team personnel. (e) Establish guidelines for the use of critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) teams. (f) Develop procedures for documentation and transfer of victim information including location, surroundings, condition when found, present condition, and other information pertinent to Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providing transport of the victim to a qualified medical treatment facility. (g) Develop procedures for inventory and accountability of all equipment used. (h) Develop procedures for securing the scene after rescue operations. 5-2.3.1 Operational Level Individual Requirements. Requirements of Confined Space Rescuers at the operational level shall include all awareness level requirements specified in section 5-2.2 and meet the following requirements: (a) Be Certified at the Hazardous Materials First Responder Awareness Level; (b) Meet all requirements for individual members of a Confined Space Rescue Service as defined within this standard; (c) Meet All State and Federal Requirements Regarding Their Level of Response to Confined Space Emergencies. Exception: Personnel that have been certified to the Fire Fighter II level of NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications shall be accepted as meeting the intent of this section. 5-2.3.2 In addition to being competent at the awareness level, objectives of the operational level confined space rescuer shall be to perform the following tasks safely: (a) Assess the scene to determine the magnitude of the problem in terms of life safety by completing the following tasks: 1. Determine the type, size, access, and internal configuration of the confined space; 2. Collect information regarding current and potential hazards that threaten victims and rescuers; 3. Conduct a risk-benefit analysis concerning the threat to rescuers in relation to the viability of victims. (b) Plan the initial response within the quantity and capability of available personnel and equipment by completing the following tasks: 1. Describe response objectives for confined space emergencies; 2. Describe non-entry rescue options; 3. Describe entry-type rescue options; 4. Describe whether rescuer and equipment capabilities are appropriate for available rescue options; 5. Identify the need and procedures for providing emergency decontamination to victims suspected of being contaminated with a hazardous material. (c) Implement the planned response to a confined space emergency consistent with the organizations standard operating guidelines by completing the following tasks: 1. Establish scene control procedures including control zones and communication; 2. Implement an incident management system consistent with the organizations standard operating procedure; 3. Perform non-entry rescue; 4. Perform qualifying entry-type rescues; 5. Perform emergency decontamination as needed; 6. Assist the organization=s designated technical level rescue service if the incident is beyond the capability of the operational level personnel. (d) Evaluate the progress of rescue operations, ensuring that objectives are being met safely and effectively by implementing the following tasks: 1. Evaluate the effectiveness of the non-entry or qualifying entry-type rescue; 2. Determine if the overall rescue operation is being accomplished safely; 3. Determine if the level of rescue response is appropriate for the type of rescue being attempted; 4. Communicate the current and projected status of the planned response; 5. Implement a personal accountability system. (e) Identify the organizations designated technical level confined space Rescue Service and identify the means to summon them during a emergency; (f) Identify the tasks required to terminate the incident. 5-2.3.3 The confined space rescuer at the operational level shall, given examples of confined spaces and permit required confined spaces, assess the confined space emergency site in order to identify the type of permit-required confined space, the internal configuration of the space, the hazards presented to rescuers, and the viability of the victims. The Confined Space Rescuer at the operational level shall be able to: (a) Identify common hazards associated with permit spaces and the various configurations of spaces found within the response area of the authority having jurisdiction; (b) Identify sources of information regarding permit-required confined spaces; (c) Recognize the need to verify information obtained from industry representatives; (d) Identify surrounding conditions that would influence rescue operations from permit spaces; (e) Estimate the viability of victims in relation to the hazards they have encountered within the space; (f) Perform a risk-benefit analysis to assess the risk to rescuers in relation to the viability of victims; (g) Identify the following terms relative to chemical properties and victim viability: 1. Vapor Density 2. Ignition Temperature 3. Corrosivity 4. Specific Gravity 5. Expansion Ratio 6. Flash Point 7. Water Solubility 8. Victim Exposure 9. Victim Contamination 5-2.3.4 The confined space rescuer at the operational level shall, given examples of confined space emergencies, describe the response objectives for the operational level of training. The confined space rescuer at the operational level shall be able to: (a) Determine if the area around the permit space is safe for rescuers to enter; (b) Identify the safety factors and precautions to be taken when approaching a confined space emergency (c) Determine through a risk-benefit analysis if the situation presents a rescue or body recovery; (d) Determine if victims can be rescued using non-entry rescue techniques; (e) Determine if victims can be rescued using entry-type rescue techniques within the capability of operational level personnel; (f) Determine if rescuers at the scene have the knowledge, skill, and equipment to perform the rescue; (g) Determine the organizational structure of the incident management system to be used for a given scenario. 5-2.3.5 The Confined Space Rescuer at the operational level shall, given examples of confined space emergencies, identify the appropriate non-entry rescue option. The Confined Space Rescuer at the operational level shall be able to: (a) Identify different methods of non-entry rescue; (b) Identify resource requirements for a given non-entry rescue option; (c) Identify equipment requirements for a given non-entry rescue option; (d) Identify safety concerns for a given non-entry rescue option. 5-2.3.6 The Confined Space Rescuer at the operational level shall, given examples of confined space emergencies, identify the appropriate entry-type rescue option within the capability of operational level personnel. The Confined Space Rescuer at the operational level shall be able to: (a) Determine whether the entry-type confined space rescue required is appropriate for the capability of operational level Confined Space Rescuers; (b) Identify different methods of entry-type confined space rescue within the capability of operational level personnel; (c) Identify resource requirements for a given entry-type rescue option within the capability of operational level personnel; (d) Identify equipment requirements for a given entry-type rescue option within the capability of operational level personnel; (e) Identify safety concerns for a given entry-type rescue option within the capability of operational level personnel. 5-2.3.7 The Confined Space Rescuer at the operational level shall, given a simulated confined space emergency which may involve a hazardous material, determine whether available personal protective equipment is appropriate for initiating non-entry or qualifying entry-type rescue. The Confined Space Rescuer at the operational level shall be able to: (a) Using reference material and other information sources available to the Confined Space Rescuer at the operational level, identify if there is a hazardous material involved in the emergency, if the appropriate personal protective equipment is available at the scene, and if it is commensurate with their level of training; (b) Identify appropriate levels of respiratory protection required; (c) Identify the use, advantages, and limitations of the two types of fresh-air breathing apparatus used during confined space emergencies to protect rescuers from inhalation of contaminents; (d) Identify the physical capabilities required and limitations of personnel while wearing positive pressure Self-contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) or Supplied Air Respirators (SAR); (e) Identify skin contact hazards that may be encountered at confined space emergencies; (f) Identify appropriate levels of personal protective clothing that may be required and determine whether it is commensurate with the rescuer=s level of training; (g) Identify the purpose, advantages, and limitations of the following level of protective clothing that may be required at a confined space emergency. 1. Structural firefighters clothing 2. Liquid splash protection (level B) 3. Liquid splash protection (level C) 4. Nomex coveralls 5-2.3.8 The confined space rescuer at the operational level shall, given a scenario of a confined space emergency involving hazardous materials, identify appropriate decontamination procedures. The confined space rescuer at the operational level shall be able to: (a) Identify how victims, personnel, personal protective equipment, and tools become contaminated; (b) Describe how secondary cross-contamination occurs; (c) Describe how the potential for secondary cross-contamination determines the need for emergency decontamination; (d) Describe the purpose of emergency decontamination; (e) Identify the advantages and limitations of emergency decontamination. 5-2.3.9 The Confined Space Rescuer at the operational level shall, given a scenario of a confined space emergency, identify how to establish and enforce scene control procedures including control zones, communications, and emergency decontamination procedures. The Confined Space Rescuer at the operational level shall be able to: (a) Identify and demonstrate procedures for establishing scene control through the use of control zones and perimeters; (b) Identify criteria for determining the location of control zones; (c) Identify items to be discussed in a safety briefing prior to allowing personnel to engage in non-entry or qualifying entry-type rescues; (d) Identify considerations associated with locating emergency decontamination areas; (e) Demonstrate emergency decontamination procedures. 5-2.3.10 The Confined Space Rescuer at the operational level shall, given a example of a confined space emergency, implement the incident management system specified in the organization's standard operating guidelines. The confined space rescuer at the operational level shall be able to: (a) Identify the role of the confined space rescuer at the operational level in the incident management system as specified in the organization's standard operating guidelines; (b) Identify the purpose, need, benefits, and elements of an incident management system at a confined space emergency; (c) Identify considerations for determining the location of the command post during a confined space emergency; (d) Identify the responsibilities of the safety officer; (e) Identify the responsibilities of the incident commander; (f) Demonstrate the implementation of an incident management system. 5-2.3.11 The Confined Space Rescuer at the operational level shall, given specific scenarios requiring non-entry and qualifying entry-type rescue, demonstrate proficiency in the selection and use of the appropriate rescue equipment to perform the given rescues. The Confined Space Rescuer at the operational level shall be able to: (a) Properly select the appropriate type of atmospheric monitor(s) based on the nature of the incident; (b) State the advantages and limitations associated with various types of atmospheric monitoring equipment; (c) Demonstrate the proper operation of those specific atmospheric monitors used by the Confined Space Rescue Team in accordance with manufacturer=s recommendations; (d) Demonstrate an understanding of technical data collected from atmospheric monitoring; (e) Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of positive pressure ventilation; (f) Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of negative pressure ventilation; (g) Demonstrate appropriate ventilation procedures; (h) Demonstrate lock out/tag out and all other procedures necessary for isolation of all forms of dangerous energy affecting a permit space including but not limited to: 1. Electrical; 2. Mechanical; 3. Hydraulic; and 4. Movement due to gravity. (i) Understand and demonstrate appropriate rigging of one of the following commonly used portable anchor systems: 1. Tripod, quadpod, or any other commercially manufactured portable anchor system rated for rescue; 2. Fire Service Ladder "A" frame; or 3. Fire Service Ladder bridge. (j) Understand and demonstrate appropriate operation of one of the following commonly used non-entry retrieval devices: 1. Winch, block, or any other manually operated, commercially manufactured retrieval system designed for rescue; 2. Any Manually operated, Commercially manufactured Prefabricated Rope retrieval system designed for rescue with components meeting appropriate certification requirements of NFPA 1983, 1995 edition; or 3. Manually assembled and operated rope pulley systems with components meeting appropriate certification requirements of NFPA 1983, 1995 edition. (k) Understand and demonstrate the following simple mechanical advantage rope pulley systems for hauling and lowering: 1. 1:1 with change of direction pulley; 2. 2:1 block & tackle-type system; 3. 3:1 block & tackle-type system; and 4. 4:1 block & tackle-type system; 5. Placement and operation of Descent control devices for lowering with these systems; 6. Placement and operation of hard or soft rope grabs to prevent accidental descent during hauling operations with these systems. NOTE: The intent of this system is to hold the load in place when the haul line is released. It is not intended to arrest falling loads resulting from system failure. (j) Understand and Demonstrate the stacking (piggybacking) of any combination of simple mechanical advantage rope pulley systems to form a compound mechanical advantage system; (k) State the advantages and limitations of rope pulley mechanical advantage systems when used for: 1. Non-entry confined space rescues; and 2. Qualifying entry-type rescues. (l) Demonstrate the use of a remote victim access device; (m) Demonstrate various types of knots that may be used to construct the above mentioned rope systems for non-entry and qualifying entry-type rescues, consistent with the organizations standard operating guidelines. Those knots may include but are not limited to: 1. Figure 8 stopper knot 2. Figure 8 on a bight 3. Figure 8 follow-through 4. Clove hitch 5. Water knot (Overhand bend) 6. Grape vine (Double fisherman=s) 7. Girth hitch 8. Prusik hitch (double and triple wrap) 9. Overhand knot 10. Figure 8 bend 11. Munter hitch 12. Load releasing hitch 13. Butterfly knot 14. Double loop figure 8 (Double Figure 8 on a bight) 15. Bowline knot (n) Demonstrate various types of hardware and software that may be used to construct the above mentioned rope systems, consistent with the organizations standard operating guidelines. All auxiliary equipment shall meet appropiate standards for certification according to NFPA 1983, 1995 edition. Demonstrate the operation in manner of function of at least the following auxiliary rope rescue equipment: 1. Carabiners; 2. Pulleys; 3. Descent control devices; 4. Ascending and Rope Grab Devices; 5. Webbing and manufactured webbing devices for various rigging. (o) Demonstrate an understanding of anchor points and anchor systems common to the response area and consistant with the standard operating guidelines of the authority having jurisdiction; (p) Demonstrate the construction and operation of anchor systems common to the response area and consistant with the standard operating guidelines of the authority having jurisdiction; (q) Demonstrate the proper selection and use of rescue rope and software in non-entry and qualifying entry-type confined space rescues consistant with the standard operating guidelines of the authority having jurisdiction; (r) Identify principles of industrial fall protection as prescribed by 29 CFR 1926, Subpart M, OSHA Fall Protection for Construction and assess applicability to rescue operations; (s) Recognize the advantages and limitations of at least the following methods when used to provide communications between rescue entrant and rescue attendant during entry-type confined space rescues: 1. Verbal and non-verbal signals; 2. Portable radio systems; and 3. Hard wire systems. (t) Demonstrate procedures for communications and accountability between rescue entrants and rescue attendants during entry-type confined space rescues consistant with the standard operating guidelines of the authority having jurisdiction; (u) Recognize the importance of intrinsic safety approval in powered equipment used in or around a permit space where a potentially flammable atmosphere may exist. 5-2.3.12 The confined space rescuer at the operational level shall, given specific examples of confined space emergencies requiring non-entry or qualifying entry-type rescue, demonstrate the ability to select, don, use, and doff appropriate personal protective equipment provided by the authority having jurisdiction. The confined space rescuer at the operational level shall be able to: (a) Identify the importance of the use of a buddy system when possible in confined space emergencies; (b) Identify the appropriate use of back-up rescue personnel in entry-type confined space rescues; (c) Identify the safety precautions to be used when wearing the various types of personal protective equipment required in non-entry and qualifying entry-type confined space rescues; (d) Identify the signs and symptoms of various stressors that may be encountered while wearing required personal protective equipment; (e) Identify the physical capabilities, limitations, and safe use of the personal protective clothing provided by the authority having jurisdiction for non-entry and qualifying entry type confined space rescues; (f) Demonstrate the selection, donning, safe use, and doffing of the following types of fresh-air breathing apparatus: 1. Positive pressure self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) 2. Supplied air respirator (SAR) (g) Identify the need for and demonstrate the proper use of a personal alarm device in confined space emergencies. 5-2.3.13 The Confined Space Rescuer at the operational level shall evaluate the progress of non-entry and qualifying entry-type rescue operations and if necessary summon a technical level confined space rescue service consistent with the organizations standard operating guidelines. The Confined Space Rescuer at the operational level shall be able to: (a) Identify the considerations for evaluating the progress of operational level non-entry and entry-type rescues to determine their effectiveness; (b) Identify the criteria to request the additional capability of a technical level rescue service; (c) Demonstrate procedures used to summon additional technical level rescue service capabilities. 5-2.3.14 The Confined Space Rescuer at the operational level shall communicate the status of the planned response to the incident commander and other response personnel. The Confined Space Rescuer at the operational level shall be able to: (a) Identify methods of communicating the status of the planned response to the incident commander through the normal chain of command; (b) Identify methods for immediate notification of the incident commander and other response personnel about emergency conditions at the incident. 5-2.3.15 The Confined Space Rescuer at the operational level shall, given examples of confined space emergencies, identify the process of terminating the incident. The Confined Space Rescuer at the operational level shall: (a) Describe the need for making the confined space area safe prior to leaving the scene; (b) Conduct an incident debriefing; (c) Conduct a post-incident analysis; (d) Provide for critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) as needed. 5-2.4 Technical Level. Requirements for a Confined Space Rescue Team (CSRT) at the technical level shall include all awareness and operational level requirements specified in Section 5-2.2 and 5-2.3 and shall meet all requirements for a Confined Space Rescue Service as defined within this standard; 5-2.4.1 Technical Level Individual Requirements. Requirements of Confined Space Rescuers at the technical level shall include all awareness and operational level requirements specified in section 5-2.2 and 5-2.3 of this standard. To achieve the technical level, a Confined Space Rescuer shall meet the following requirements: (a) Be certified at the Hazardous Materials operational level; (b) Meet all requirements for individual members of a Confined Space Rescue Service as defined within this standard; (c) Meet all state and federal requirements regarding their level of response to confined space emergencies; (d) Meet all state and local requirements for certification as Emergency Medical Technicians (basic); (e) During confined space rescue operations involving hazardous materials, Confined Space Rescuers at the technical level shall take part in a medical surveillance program consistent with the standard operating guidelines of the authority having jurisdiction and in accordance with guidelines found in 29 CFR 1910.120, OSHA standard on Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response. 5-2.4.2 In addition to being competent at the awareness and operational level, objectives of the technical level Confined Space Rescuer shall be to perform the following tasks safely: (a) Assess the scene to assure the scene has been made safe for rescuers and non-response personnel by completing the following tasks: 1. Verify and/or identify the presence of hazards to victims and rescuers; 2. Assess the magnitude of the hazard and identify appropriate isolation and control procedures; 3. Verify whether appropriate hazard isolation and control requirements are within the capability of technical level personnel; 4. Ensure that perimeters have been established and are of appropriate size; 5. Establish control zones. (b) Assess the scene to determine the magnitude of the Incident by completing the following tasks: 1. Analyze technical information regarding current and potential hazards within the space to determine the viability of the victim as compared to the overall risk to rescue entrants; 2. Determine if the incident constitutes a live rescue or a body recovery; 3. Know when and how to summon additional resources for specialized rescue options beyond the capability of technical level personnel or hazard isolation and control. (c) Plan a response within the capabilities of available personnel, personal protective equipment, personal protective clothing, and specialized equipment by completing the following tasks: 1. Describe response objectives for confined space emergencies beyond the capability of operational level personnel; 2. Describe entry-type confined space rescue options beyond the capability of operational level personnel; 3. Select, use, maintain, and know the limitations of personal protective clothing and equipment provided by the authority having jurisdiction for operating in and around confined space emergencies; 4. Determine whether rescuer capabilities and equipment are appropriate for the confined space rescue option selected; 5. Verify the need for emergency decontamination; 6. Develop a plan of action, including safety considerations, consistent with the organizations standard operating guidelines, for entry-type confined space rescue. (d) Implement the planned response to successfully rescue or recover victims from permit-required confined spaces by completing the following tasks: 1. Perform the duties of an assigned position within the local incident management system (IMS); 2. Perform entry-type rescues from permit spaces; 3. Perform support functions for entry-type rescues from permit spaces; 4. Don, safely operate, and doff appropriate personal protective clothing including but not limited to liquid splash protection and vapor protective clothing which might be required when operating around the scene of confined space emergencies involving hazardous materials. 5-2.4.3 The Confined Space Rescuer at the technical level shall, given examples of confined space and permit-required confined space emergencies, be capable of evaluating existing scene assessment information and be capable of collecting additional information that is needed in order to plan a response to the incident. To achieve this, the Confined Space Rescuer at the technical level shall be able to: (a) Identify the hazards found within permit-required confined spaces and describe how those hazards influence victim viability and rescue/recovery operations; (b) Identify the types of monitoring equipment used to assess the following hazards: 1. Oxygen deficient atmospheres; 2. Oxygen enriched atmospheres; 3. Flammable environments; 4. Toxic exposures; 5. Radioactive exposures; 6. Corrosive exposures. (c) Identify the limiting factors associated with the selection and use of the atmospheric and chemical monitoring equipment provided by the authority having jurisdiction for confined space emergencies. This equipment may include but are not limited to: 1. Calorimetric tubes; 2. Oxygen concentration monitor (continuous reading, remote sampling); 3. Combustible gas monitor (continuous reading, remote sampling); 4. Specific toxicity monitor (continuous reading, remote sampling); 5. Multi-gas atmospheric monitors (continuous reading, remote sampling); 6. Passive dosimeter; 7. PH papers, PH meters, and PH strips; 8. Radiation detection instruments. Note: These factors include but are not limited to calibration, proper operation, response time, detection range, relative response, sensitivity, selectivity, inherent safety, environmental conditions, and nature of hazard. (d) Given examples of various confined space emergencies involving hazardous materials and, given various types of monitoring equipment provided by the authority having jurisdiction, the Confined Space Rescuer at the technical level will select the appropriate monitoring equipment to identify and quantify the materials. (e) Demonstrate the calibration, field maintenance, and testing procedures for the monitoring equipment provided by the authority having jurisdiction in accordance with manufacturer=s recommendations. (f) Identify the types of hazard and response information available from each of the following resources and explain the advantages and limitations of each resource: 1. Material Safety Data Sheets; 2. Reference manuals; 3. Computerized reference data bases; 4. Technical information centers; 5. Technical information specialists; 6. Monitoring equipment. (g) Understand the following terms: 1. Lethal concentration-50 (LC-50); 2. Lethal dose-50 (LD-50); 3. Permissible exposure limit (PEL); 4. Threshold limit value (TLV); 5. Threshold limit value-short term exposure limit (TLV-STEL); 6. Threshold limit value-time weighted average (TLV-TWA); 7. Immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH). 5-2.4.4 The Confined Space Rescuer at the technical level shall, given simulated confined space emergencies requiring rescue from a permit space, plan a response within the capabilities and equipment of the technical level Rescue Service. The Confined Space rescuer at the technical level shall be able to: (a) Describe response objectives for simulated incidents. Applicable response objectives include: 1. Victim rescue; 2. Victim recovery; 3. Remote extrication; 4. Non-intervention. (b) Describe the steps for determining response objectives, given an analysis of a confined space emergency requiring rescue from a permit space; (c) Select the action steps required to accomplish a given response objective; (d) Identify the safety considerations and personal protective clothing options available to the Confined Space Rescuer at the technical level for use in environments that are thermally extreme; (e) Identify the factors to be considered in selecting the proper respiratory protection for a specified confined space rescue option; (f) Identify the physiological and psychological stresses that effect rescuers entering confined spaces; (g) Identify psychological control techniques that may be used by confined space rescuers to alleviate stress and prevent panic; (h) Develop a plan of action consistent with the organization=s standard operating guidelines and within the capabilities of the confined space rescue team=s training and equipment. Components of the action plan would include: 1. Site assessment; 2. Confined space assessment; 3. Resource organization and accountability (IMS); 4. Perimeters and control zones; 5. Hazard evaluation; 6. A comprehensive risk/benefit analysis that evaluates the viability of the victim; 7. Personal protective equipment; 8. Chemical protective clothing; 9. Specialized recuse equipment; 10. Rescue/recovery objectives; 11. On-scene work assignments; 12. Communications procedures; 13. Emergency decontamination procedures (victim); 14. Decontamination procedures (rescuers); 15. On scene safety and health procedures including personnel health monitoring, on scene rehabilitation, emergency medical care procedures, and the designation of a safety officer; 16. Scene termination procedures. (I) Develop a site safety plan for a confined space emergency requiring rescue from a permit space; (j) Describe the components of a site safety plan for a confined space emergency requiring rescue from a permit space which may include but is not limited to the following: 1. Rescue team notification; 2. Acceptable entry conditions for rescue; 3. Hazard analysis; 4. Risk analysis of hazards; 5. Site map; 6. Hazard abatement (including control zones, ventilation, lock out/tag out procedures, etc.); 7. Use of buddy system (when applicable); 8. Communications (site, rescue attendant to rescue entrant, etc.); 9. Command post; 10. Incident management organizational chart; 11. Standard operating guidelines; 12. Safe work practices; 13. Medical assistance; 14. Pre-entry safety briefings; 15. Pre/post-entry physicals (if indicated). (k) Given a plan of action for a confined space emergency requiring permit space rescue, identify the points that should be covered in a pre-entry safety briefing; (l) Given a simulated confined space emergency requiring permit space rescue, describe the procedures, required equipment, and safety precautions for the following categories of rescue: 1. Vertical rescue; 2. Horizontal rescue; 3. Suspended victim rescue; 4. Entrapped or engulfed victim (collapse, particulate matter, etc.). (m) Given a simulated confined space emergency requiring permit space rescue where the victim needs emergency medical care prior to being removed from the space, the Confined Space Rescuer at the technical level shall identify the proper care for the following conditions: 1. Respiratory Emergencies (including airway and breathing problems); 2. Circulatory Emergencies (including cardiac arrest); 3. Suspected spinal injuries; 4. Severe bleeding; 5. Fractures of the extremities. 5-2.4.5 The Confined Space Rescuer at the technical level shall, given simulated confined space emergencies requiring permit space rescue, implement a planned response within the capabilities and equipment of the confined space rescue team consistent with the organizations standard operating guidelines. The Confined Space Rescuer at the technical level shall be able to: (a) Demonstrate how to perform the functions and responsibilities of at least the following roles within the confined space rescue group/sector consistent with the organization=s standard operating guidelines : 1. Rescue Entrant; 2. Back-up Rescue Entrant; 3. Rescue Attendant; 4. Confined Space Rescue (CSR) group/sector officer; 5. Safety officer. (b) Given the organization's standard operating guidelines, identify the roles and responsibilities of the confined space rescue group/sector officer; (c) Demonstrate the ability to appropriately select, don, safely operate, and doff personal protective clothing and equipment provided by the authority having jurisdiction which may include vapor- protective clothing, liquid splash protection, structural firefighter turnouts, Nomex clothing, and fresh-air breathing apparatus; (d) Describe the maintenance, testing, inspection, and storage procedures for chemical protective clothing and equipment provided by the authority having jurisdiction according to manufacturers specifications and recommendations; (e) Identify the confined space safety and emergency rescue procedures to be considered with personnel wearing chemical protective clothing; (f) Describe the maintenance, testing, inspection, and storage procedures for personal protective equipment provided by the authority having jurisdiction according to the manufacturer's specifications and recommendations; (g) Given a simulated confined space emergency requiring permit space rescue in an oxygen deficient atmosphere, demonstrate the ability to perform rescue while wearing Self-contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) and/or Supplied Air Respirators (SAR) based on the scenario; (h) Demonstrate the ability to implement an appropriate rescue option utilizing the incident management system (IMS) designated by the authority having jurisdiction; (I) Given a simulated confined space emergency requiring rescue from a permit space containing hazardous materials, identify victims that require emergency decontamination by utilizing technical reference resources provided by the authority having jurisdiction; (j) Given a simulated confined space emergency requiring rescue from a permit space containing a hazardous atmosphere, demonstrate the ability to appropriately select and properly use monitoring equipment provided by the authority having jurisdiction; (k) Given a simulated confined space emergency requiring rescue from a permit space containing hazardous materials, demonstrate the ability to select, use and analyze appropriate technical reference resources provided by the authority having jurisdiction which may include: 1. Reference manuals; 2. Hazardous materials data bases; 3. Technical information centers; 4. Technical information specialists; 5. Monitoring equipment. (l) Demonstrate a knowledge of basic toxicological principles for victims contaminated with hazardous materials consistent with the standard operating guidelines of the authority having jurisdiction; (m) Demonstrate the ability to use all forms of communications provided by the authority having jurisdiction which may include verbal and non-verbal signals, portable radio, and Hardwire; (n) Demonstrate scene termination procedures as outlined in the organization's standard operating guidelines; (o) Demonstrate the ability to use the following types of victim packaging devices which may be employed in confined space emergencies: 1. Full spine immobilization devices; 2. Short spine immobilization devices; 3. Cervical spine immobilization devices; 4. Litters 5. Prefabricated full-body harnesses; 6. Tied full-body harnesses; 7. Wrist loops (Wristlets). (p) Demonstrate the ability to provide basic emergency medical care for victims involved in confined space emergencies by performing at least the following skills: 1. Apply fresh-air breathing apparatus to spontaneously breathing patients with suspected spinal injuries without aid from another rescuer; 2. Assess ABC=s with simultaneous manual immobilization of the Cervical spine; 3. Provide a Cervical spine immobilization device for a patient wearing fresh-air breathing apparatus; 4. Provide spinal immobilization utilizing a full-spine immobilization device in conjunction with a litter; 5. Provide spinal immobilization utilizing a short-spine immobilization device in conjunction with a litter; 6. Provide alternate methods of spinal and extremity fracture immobilization for extraction from spaces that require passage through narrow openings that will not accomodate full-spine immobilizers or litters. These methods must be consistant within the standard operating guidelines of the authority having jurisdiction; 7. Rig a quick extraction harness or device for patients in cardiac or respiratory arrest requiring immediate removal from a permit space containing a hazardous atmosphere; 8. Control severe bleeding; 9. Immobilize extremity fractures. Chapter 6 Transportation andMachinery Rescue 6-1 Operational Capability 6-1.1 The AHJ shall establish levels of operational capability needed to conduct safe and effective rescue operations involving transportation/machinery incidents. The operational capability shall be based on the training level of personnel and internal and external resources available. 6-1.2 The AHJ shall establish written standard operating procedures consistent with the following operational levels. (a) Awareness Level. First responder at the awareness level are those persons who, in the course of their normal duties, may be first on the scene of an incident involving person(s) injured or trapped in a vehicle/machinery. First responders at the awareness level are expected to recognize immediate or potential hazards, protect themselves, implement an I.M.S., secure the area, and call for appropriate additional resources. (b) Operational Level. The first responder at the operational level are those persons who, in the course of their normal duties, may be called to the scene of an incident involving injured or trapped victims of a vehicle/machinery incident. The first responder at the operational level shall meet all requirements of the awareness level. In addition, the first responder at the operational level shall be capable of securing the immediate and potential hazards, expanding the I.M.S., performing extrication/rescue at operations level, performing support functions for technician level, and utilizing proper basic tools and equipment. Identifying the need for specialized equipment and/or outside resources or expertise. (c) Technician Level. First responders at the technician level who, in the course of their normal duties, may respond to an incident involving person(s) trapped and/or injured in a vehicle/machinery. First responders at the technical level shall meet all of the requirements of the awareness and operational level. In addition, the first responder at the technician level shall be able to operate effectively in an expanded I.M.S., perform more complex rescue operations, and demonstrate proficiency in the use of necessary specialized equipment, interact with, and/or perform support functions for specialized outside resources or experts. 6-1.3 Special Definitions. Disentanglement. Cutting vehicle/machinery away from trapped or injured victim. Extrication. The manipulation of vehicle/machinery components to free trapped victims. Primary Access. The existing opening of doors and/or windows that provide a pathway to the trapped and/or injured victim. Secondary Access. Openings created by rescuers that provide a pathway to trapped and/or injured victims. Stabilization. The elimination of any movement of the vehicle/machinery directly involved in the incident. 6-2 Training. The AHJ shall provide training for all members to meet the requirements of emergency response to incidents involving rescue of trapped and/or injured victims of transportation/machinery incidents. The minimum training for all members shall be at the awareness level. 6-2.1 Awareness Level. (a) Identify and discuss the immediate and potential hazards present on the scene, including but not limited to: 1. unstable vehicle/machinery 2. uncontained/leaking fuel system/fluid systems 3. atmospheric hazards caused by the incident 4. potential release of high pressure systems, i.e., pneumatic, hydraulic, etc. 5. uncontrolled movement of equipment systems 6. uncontrolled utilities affected by incident 7. uncontrolled crowds 8. hazardous cargo (b) Identify and discuss the proper level of personal protective equipment to protect against the hazards present. (c) Discuss an I.M.S. system and how the first responder fits into that system. (d) Discuss a plan to secure the area of involvement and protect those unaffected by the incident from further harm. Demonstrate how to initiate traffic control. (e) Discuss the appropriate additional resources necessary for mitigation of hazards, treatment, and transportation of injured victims, and successful conclusion of incident. (f) Discuss patient treatment considerations and common mechanisms of injury. 6-2.2 Operational Level. (a) Discuss the proper technique for securing all materials and potential hazards to include lock out/tag out of energy sources during machinery rescue. (b) Discuss the implementation of the expansion of an I.M.S. (c) Describe size-up of accident scene. (d) Discuss establishment of safety zones (hot, warm, cold). (e) Describe three types of passenger restraint systems. (f) Describe the frame and construction features of transportation vehicles. (g) Discuss three types of suspension systems in vehicles. (h) Describe three classes of mechanical leverage. (i) Describe three types of impact. (j) Describe two categories of mechanics of injury. (k) Define: ! Stabilization ! Primary Access ! Secondary Access ! Disentanglement (l) Describe three ways of stabilization. (m) Discuss center of gravity and its relation to roll over. (n) Describe box cribbing and step chocking and their use in stabilizing unstable objects. (o) Demonstrate proficiency at: ! Containing fuel spill ! Stopping fuel spill ! Stabilization of an object by: - making attachments, - widening the base points of contact, and - chocking ! Building a box crib ! Lifting/moving objects with three classes of levers ! The proper use of hand tools, including but not limited to: - hammer - pry bar - hack saw - glass punch - halligan - knife/belt cutter - cable cutter - come a long ! Disentanglement of victim through primary access points ! Proper patient packaging prior to removal ! Protecting the victim during disentanglement phase Exception: Personnel that have been certified to the Fire Fighter II level of NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications shall be accepted as meeting the intent of this section. 6-2.3 Technician Level. (a) Discuss the expansion of a large I.M.S. and the effective operation within its framework. (b) Describe the construction features of large/heavy transportation/machines. (c) Discuss the operation of hydraulic spreading, cutting, and ram type tools. (d) Discuss the operation of pneumatic cutting tools. (e) Discuss the operation of electric cutting tools. (f) Discuss the operation of hydraulic lifting devices. (g) Discuss the operation of high, medium, and low pressure pneumatic lifting devices (air bags). (h) Describe the parts of a rescue chain assembly. (i) Describe the construction of wire rope slings. (j) Describe the construction of nylon slings. (k) Describe the construction and maintenance of pulleys and snatch blocks. (l) Describe the component parts of mechanical advantage systems. (m) Discuss anchor systems. (n) Discuss sling configurations. (o) Discuss the estimation of weight of an object. (p) Discuss the use and operation of power winch devices. (q) Discuss the steps necessary for lifting and moving heavy objects. (r) Demonstrate proficiency at operating all pneumatic, hydraulic, and electric tools immediately available to AHJ. (s) Demonstrate proficiency at operating all hydraulic lifting devices immediately available to the AHJ. (t) Demonstrate proficiency at lifting objects using high and low pressure air bags. (u) Demonstrate proficiency at lifting and cribbing heavy objects. (v) Demonstrate proficiency at rigging heavy objects for lifting, using chain, wire, rope, or nylon slings. (w) Demonstrate proficiency at disentanglement of victims with available power tools. (x) Demonstrate advanced stabilization methods using chains, cables, jack devices, cribbing and/or shoring, to include cars on tops, on side, cars on top of other cars, trucks, large commercial vehicle. (y) Describe the use of commercial heavy wreckers and recovery services to assist at incidents involving large transportation vehicles. (z) Demonstrate lock out/tag out of machinery. Chapter 7 Water Rescue 7-1 Operational Capability 7-1.1 The authority having jurisdiction shall establish levels of operational capability needed to conduct operations at incidents safety and effectively, based on hazard and risk assessment, training level of personnel, and the availability of internal and external resources. 7-1.2 The authority having jurisdiction shall establish written standard operating procedures consistent with one of the following levels: (a) Awareness Level- This level represents the minimum capability to identify water emergencies, their hazards and to recognize the need for additional resources capable of successfully conducting an entry and rescue operation. Members trained at this level shall be competent in recognizing water hazards, secondary hazards, and conducting an assessment and resource assessment. (b) Operations Level- This level represents the minimum capability to provide support operations to make a rescue or recovery operation successful. Members trained at this level shall meet the >competent person= requirements. (c)Technical Level- This level represents the minimum capability to conduct a safe and effective water rescue operation requiring employees to enter the hazard zone. 7-1.3 Members shall perform rescue and recovery operations in a safe manner consistent with the identified level of training. 7-1.4 Operational procedures shall not exceed the identified level of capability. 7-1.5 Special Definitions Acceptable Entry Conditions- The conditions that must exist to allow and to ensure that employees can safety enter into and work within an area. Competent Person- One who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings, or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has the authorization to take corrective measures to eliminate them. Emergency- Any failure of hazard control or other events that could endanger employees. Entry- The action by which a person passes into the area of the hazard. Hazardous Atmosphere- Any atmosphere that may expose employees the risk of death, incapacitation, injury, acute illness of impairment of the ability to self-rescue. 7-2 Training 7-2.1 The authority having jurisdiction shall provide training for all members in meeting their responsibilities at water rescue and recovery incidents that is commensurate with the identified operational capability. The minimum training for all members shall be at the awareness level. Members expected to perform at a higher operational level shall be trained to that level. 7-2.1.1 The AHJ shall provide the necessary continuing education to maintain all requirements of the members identified proficiency level. 7-2.1.2 The AHJ is responsible for the documentation of all required training. This documentation shall contain each recipients name, the signatures of initials of the trainers, the date of training, an outline of the training conducted, and resource materials used to develop the training. This documentation will be maintained and available for inspection by individual team members and their authorized representatives. 7-2.2 Awareness Level. Training at the awareness level shall include the following: (a)Conducting a size up, and implementing the >Assessment Phase=. Scene size up, witness security, scene control and management. (b) Procedures for implementing as Incident Management System (IMS) for water rescue that meets the requirements of NFPA 1561. AStandard on Fire Department Incident Management Systems@. (c) Procedures for implementing scene control and scene management. (d) Awareness level individual performance requirements (e) Identification, utilization, and proper care of personal protective equipment needed for safe and effective performance. (f) Recognition of hazards which are Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health. (g) Recognition of general hazards which dangerous to life and limb. (h) Procedures to make a proper >Risk/Benefit= analysis as it relates to water rescue. (I) Procedures for rapid extrication of accessible victims. (j)Recognition of the difference between a >Rescue= and a >Recovery=. (k) All personnel shall receive training related to the hazards and risks associated with water rescue and recovery. (l) All personnel shall receive training for conducting those aspects of a water rescue and recovery operation (commensurate with their level of training) in a safe and effective manner while using appropriate personal protective equipment. Exception: Personnel that have been certified to the Fire Fighter II level of NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications shall be accepted as meeting the intent of this section. 7-2.3 Operations Level. Personnel shall meet all awareness level training requirements specified in Awareness and the following: (a) Members shall be trained in hazard recognition and support tasks to include IMS, scene survey, witness interview, surface vessel support, indirect rescue techniques, personal safety techniques. (b) Personnel shall be trained to recognize unique hazards associated with water rescue. Personnel shall be trained to work as surface support personnel. (c) Procedures to Initiate the IMS upon scene arrival. (d) Hazard awareness, water characteristics, and general knowledge to begin initial scene survey. (e) Procedures to secure witnesses and interview. (f) Knowledge of operations of surface support equipment to support water rescue operations. (g) Procedures to safety and effectively conduct indirect rescue techniques. (h) Knowledge and procedures to insure personal safety. (i) Personnel shall be trained in the procedures for performing pre-dive operations. Knowledge to support and assist the diver in pre-dive procedures. (j) Awareness of necessary equipment to perform dive rescue operations. (k) Procedures to assist divers to enter the water. 7-2.4 Technical Level. Performance requirements at the technical level shall include all awareness and operational level requirements and the following: (a) Personnel shall be trained as Public Safety Divers. Training shall include all requirements of the RSTC. Personnel shall have training in all specialty areas necessary for local conditions. Training may include dry suit use, full face or light helmet use, U/W communications equipment, deep diving, night/limited visibility, current, polluted water, team operations, leadership. (b)Divers shall be trained in the following areas: 1. Skin diving and SCUBA equipment. 2. U/W Physics and Physiology 3. Dive Tables and their use 4. U/W Environments 5. U/W Life forms (c) Divers should express a general comfort level in the water and a good degree of watermanship skills. Annual fundamental skill reviews should be conducted to insure diver comfort and ability. (d) Members assigned to positions of leadership in diving operations shall receive training specific to the tasks expected of them. Areas to be addressed include scene surveys, drowning accidents, operational planning, effective search patterns, safety procedures, handling of outside influences, recovery techniques and procedures. Chapter 8 Widkerness Rescue 8-1 Operational Capability 8-1.1 The authority having jurisdiction shall establish levels of operational capability needed to conduct operations at incidents safety and effectively, based on hazard and risk assessment, training level of personnel, and the availability of internal and external resources. 8-1.2 The authority having jurisdiction shall establish written standard operating procedures consistent with one of the following levels: (a) Awareness Level. First responder at the awareness level is a person who, during normal duty or as part of initial response to a scene, may be first on the scene of an emergency within a wilderness environment. at the awareness level this person must recognize different wilderness environments, note difficult access areas, identify hazards, protect themselves and others, secure the area, control entry into the field, and recognize the need for trained personnel. the technical rescuer (w) at the awareness level is not considered to be sufficiently trained for entry or field response to the wilderness emergency. 8-2 Training 8-2.1 Awareness Level. The technical rescuer at the awareness level shall be to provide initial response personnel with the knowledge and skills to perform the tasks safely. The awareness level is not an appropriate level of training for actual field response in the wilderness environment. therefore, when first on the scene of an emergency within a wilderness environment, the technical rescuer at the awareness level shall be able to: (a) analyze the incident to determine the type of environment (ie, forest, desert, swiftwater, stillwater, cave, snow, etc) and basic information by completing the following tasks; 1. recognize the presence and specific nature of a wilderness emergency; 2. survey the area from a safe location, to determine the type of terrain involved in the emergency, ascertain proximity to road-based emergency response, note weather and environmental considerations and detect any other condition that would present a risk to would be rescuers; 3. identify reporting party and witnesses (if any) and secure the area; 4. determine patient's location or point last seen; 5. determine condition of victim or victims by collecting information from reporting party, bystanders or witnesses; 6. note special skills and equipment which will be required for the rescue. (b) plan the initial response within the capabilities and competencies of the technical rescuer (w) at the awareness level by completing the following skills: 1. implement actions consistent with the agency's standard operating procedures and notify the appropriate level of technical rescue response; 2. understand the need for specialized ppe, skills and training; standard firefighting training and equipment are inappropriate for wilderness rescue. 3. know how to avoid rescuer injuries or emergencies. (c) implement the planned initial response consistent with the agency's standard operating procedures, including the following tasks (if called for in the sop's): 1. initiate callout for field response; 2. ensure that only properly trained and equipped personnel enter the field; 3. focus on patient location and information gathering 4. identify when the situation is in need of a specialized response team; 5. note when the operational activities go beyond the normal scope of the initial response organization; 6. notify the appropriate level of technical rescue response consistent with the agency's' standard operating procedures. (d) The technical rescuer (w) at the awareness level shall be able to identify the following definitions: 1. wilderness - an environment beyond normal means of urban access (ie, streets, sidewalks, reasonable walking distance on groomed terrain, etc) and/or facilities (ie, electricity, water, ambulance, etc). 2. environment types - mountain, desert, water, cave, snow, ice, urban disaster 3. terrain hazards - cliff, steep slope, pit, river, avalanche, rock slide, vegetation, poisonous substance, collapsed structure, mine. 4. reporting party - person(s) who reports an incident 5. rp questionnaire - predetermined list of vital information to collect from reporting party. 6. field entry supervisor - rescuer whose responsibility it is to control access to the field. 7. specialized ppe - personal protective equipment unique to the wilderness environment or to a specific wilderness response. 8. rescuer - properly trained and equipped emergency response personnel having a duty to act in an emergency. 9. communications systems - proven, dependable means of communications between elements of a rescue (radio, radio-telephone, etc) 10. patient access - method, route and means of reaching a patient. 11. patient stabilization - abc's, secondary survey and prevention of further injury to a patient. 12. field - the area identified as being the general or precise location of the emergency operation. 13. navigational aids - maps, compass, gps or other equipment used to assist in determining ones' location. (e) Identify typical or accessible wilderness environments within the community where incidents may be likely to occur (f) Identify other weather and terrain considerations which may affect a response. (g) Identify pertinent information that would help the rescuer during hazard assessment; (h) understand the capabilities and limitations of initial response unit(s); (i) identify and notify the local resource responsible for the response. Provide support. (j) identify extended resources and know how to provide support if requested. (k) address navigational and communications issues. (l) The technical rescuer at the awareness level shall, given various wilderness settings, identify types of environment, terrain and weather and the potential hazards associated with each and be able to: 1. Identify difficulties encountered in determining environmental and terrain considerations; 2. identify the available methods of acquiring site information; 3. assess the need for and identify appropriate operation-specific ppe. 4. assess the skills and capabilities necessary for the operation. 5. address navigational concerns for field qualified rescuers. 6. address the need for communications for rescuers entering the field. (m) The technical rescuer (w) at the awareness level shall, given pertinent information, identify the hazards that could be faced by would be rescuers and be able to: 1. Identify terrain features and hazards using topographical or other available information 2. Identify environmental and other hazards including thermal, weather, poisonous, visibility, travel distance, exposure time, low light, physiological, etiological, and psychological; 3. Identify the hazards faced by the patient; 4. Recognize the parameters for rescuer access and route to the patient; 5. Recognize the need to collect the following information in order to properly assess the hazard: (a) incident site; (b) victim location or point last seen and condition; (c) mechanism of injury; (d) the location of reporting party or a witness to the incident; (e) current or expected environmental conditions; (f) access considerations; (g) and any other pertinent information regarding the incident. 6. verify that all rescuers entering the field are properly trained and equipped. (n) Technical rescuers (w) at the awareness level shall, given examples of incidents involving wilderness emergencies, initiate protective actions. This will include the ability to identify the actions to be taken to protect themselves and others and to control access to the area consistent with the agency's' standard operating procedures and be able to: 1. identify the location of the agency's standard operating procedures; 2. identify the role of the technical rescuer (w) at the awareness level in the agency's' standard operating procedures; 3. implement the incident management system consistent with the agency's' standard operating procedures; 4. isolate and control field entry by unauthorized and non essentialpersonnel; 5. identify techniques to isolate the incident area and control access; 6. identify pertinent response information; 7. given information on the type of environment, terrain, response and/or weather, address the following aspects of ppe: (a) high or low temperature thermal protection utilization of appropriate fabrics and systems for thermal protection. (b) personal safety and comfort appropriate equipment for the environment (sunglasses, light sources, appropriate clothing and footwear, water, food, etc) (c) specific technical ppe as appropriate helmet, harness, gloves, ascenders, descenders, gps, compass, etc as appropriate. (d) specific team rescue equipment as appropriate medical supplies, rope access equipment, patient packaging apparatus, etc, as appropriate (o) The technical rescuer (w) at the awareness level shall, given a example of a wilderness emergency, identify the appropriate notifications to be made consistent with the agency's standard operating procedures. To ensure the appropriate level of technical rescue (w) is summoned to the scene, the technical rescuer (w) at the awareness level shall be able to: 1. identify the initial notification procedures to summon rescuers for wilderness emergencies; 2. identify the agency responsible for various aspects of wilderness technical rescue as specified by the authority having jurisdiction; 3. demonstrate the means and ability to summon appropriate wilderness technical rescue personnel as specified by the authority having jurisdiction. Exception: Personnel that have been certified to the Fire Fighter II level of NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications shall be accepted as meeting the intent of this section. Chapter 9 Trench and Evacution Collapse Rescue 9-1 Operational Capability 9-1.1 The AHJ shall establish levels of operational capability needed to conduct safe and effective rescue operations involving trench and evacution collapse incidents. This chapter identifies requirements established in Chapter 29, Part 1926, Subpart P, Section 650 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) known as Excavations. Spaces. The operational capability shall be based on the training level of personnel and internal and external resources available. 9-1.2 The AHJ shall establish written standard operating procedures consistent with the following operational levels. (a) Awareness Level. This level represents the minimum capability to identity trench and excavation collapse emergencies, their hazards and to recognize the need for additional resources capable of successfully conducting an entry and rescue operation. Members trained at this level shall be competent in recognizing trench's and excavations, recognizing the hazards associated with collapse zones, the potential for secondary collapse and be capable of conducting an approach assessment and resource assessment. (b) Operations Level. This level represents the minimum capability to conduct a safe and effective trench and excavation collapse entry and rescue operations requiring the placement of personnel into the trench or excavation. Members trained at this level shall be competent at all procedures necessary for entry and rescue operations in a trench or excavation collapse operations. Members trained at this level shall also meet the "competent person" requirements. 9-1.3 Members shall perform trench and excavation collapse rescue operations in a safe manner consistent with the identified level of training. 9-1.4 Operational procedures shall not exceed the identified level of capability. 9-1.5 Special Definitions Acceptable Entry Conditions. The conditions that must exist in a trench or excavation to allow entry and to ensure that employees involved with a trench or excavation can safely enter into and work within the space. Accepted engineering practices. Means those requirements which are compatible with standards of practice required by a registered professional engineer Aluminum Hydraulic shoring. means pre-engineered shoring system comprised of aluminum hydraulic cylinders (crossbraces) used in conjunction with vertical rails (uprights) or horizontal rails (walers). Such system is designed, specifically to support the sidewalls of an excavation and prevent cave-ins. Bell-bottom pier hole. means a type of shaft or footing excavation, the bottom of which is made larger than the cross section above to form a belled shape. Benching. (Benching system) means a method of protecting employees from cave-ins by excavating the side of an excavation to form one or a series of horizontal levels or steps, usually with vertical or near-vertical surfaces between levels. Cave-in. Means the separation of a mass of soil or rock material from the side of an excavation or trench, or the loss of soil from under a trench shield or support system, and its sudden movement into the excavation, either by falling or sliding, in sufficient quantity so that it could entrap, bury, or otherwise injure and immobilize a person. Competent person. means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings, or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has the authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them. Cross braces. (shores) mean the horizontal members of a shoring system installed perpendicular to the sides of the excavation, the ends of which bear against either uprights or wales. Excavation. means any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in a earth surface, formed by earth removal. Emergency. Any failure of hazard control or monitoring equipment or other event(s) inside or outside a trench or excavation that could endanger entrants within the trench or excavation. Engulfment. The surrounding and effective capture of a person by a fluid (i.e., liquid, finely divided particulate) substance that can be aspirated to cause death by filling or plugging the respiratory system or that can exert enough force on the body to cause death by strangulation, constriction or crushing. Entry. The action by which a person passes into a trench or excavation. Entry includes ensuing work or rescue activities in that environment and is considered to have occurred as soon as any part of the entrant's body breaks the plane of an opening into the trench or excavation. Failure. means the breakage or displacement, or permanent deformation of a structural member or connection so as to reduce its structural integrity and its supportive capabilities. Flammable. Capable of burning. The words "flammable" and "inflammable" are interchangeable or synonymous terms. Flammable liquid. Any liquid having a flash point (closed cup) below 80 degrees F and a vapor pressure no exceeding 40 psi absolute at 80 degrees F. Hazardous Atmosphere. Any atmosphere that may expose employees the risk of death, incapacitation, injury, acute illness or impairment of the ability to self-rescue, from one or more of the following causes. * Flammable gas, vapor or mist in excess of 10 percent of its lower flammable limit (LFL) * Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds it LFL (i.e., obscures vision at a distance of 5 feet or less) * Atmospheric oxygen concentration below 19.5 percent or above 23.5 percent. * Atmospheric concentration of any hazardous substance that could result in the employee exposure in excess of its dose or permissible exposure limit (PEL) * Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH). Any condition that would. *Pose an immediate or delayed threat to life. *Cause irreversible adverse health effects. *Interfere with an individual's ability to escape unaided from a permit space. Oxygen-Deficient atmosphere. At atmosphere inside a confined space containing less than 19.5 percent oxygen by volume. Oxygen-Enriched Atmosphere. An atmosphere inside a confined space containing more than 23.5 percent oxygen by volume. Protective System. a method of protecting employees from cave-ins, from material that could fall or roll from an excavation face or into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent structures. Protective systems include support systems, sloping and benching systems, shield systems, and other systems that provide the necessary protection. Registered Professional Engineer. means a person who is registered as a professional engineer in the state where the work is to be performed. However, a professional registered engineer, registered in any state is deemed to be a "registered professional engineer" within the meaning of this standard when approving designs for "manufactured protective systems" or "tabulated data" to be used in the construction of protective systems. Sheeting. means the members of a shoring system that retain the earth in position and in turn are supported by other members of the shoring system. Shield. (Shield system) means a structure that is able to withstand the forces imposed on it by a cave-in and thereby protect employees within the structures. Shields can be permanent structures of can be designed to be portable and moved along. Shields can be either pre manufactured or job-built in accordance with 29 CFR 1926.652. Shoring. (shoring system) means a structure such as a metal hydraulic, timber or pneumatic/mechanical system that supports the sides of an excavation and which is designed to prevent cave-ins. Sloping (Sloping system) means a method of protecting employees from cave-ins by excavating to form sides of an excavation that are inclined away from the excavation so as to prevent a cave-in. Then angle of incline required to prevent a cave-in varies with the differences in such factors as the soil type, environmental conditions of exposure, and application of surcharge loads. Support system. means a structure such as underpinning, bracing or shoring which provides support to an adjacent structure, underground installation or the sides of an excavation. Tabulated data. tables and charts approved by a registered professional engineer and used to design and construct a protective system. Testing. The process by which the hazards that may confront entrants of a trench or excavation are identified and evaluated. Testing includes specifying tests that are to be performed in a trench or excavation. Trench. Trench. a narrow excavation (in relation to its length) made below the surface of the earth. In general, the depth is greater than the width, but the width of a trench (measured at the bottom) is no greater than 15 feet (4.6 m). If forms or other structures are installed or constructed in an excavation so as to reduce the dimension measured form the forms or structure to the side of the excavation to 15 ft (4.6m) or less the excavation is also considered a trench. Uprights. the vertical members of a trench shoring system placed in contact with the earth and usually positioned so that individual members do not contact each other. Uprights placed so that the individual members are closely spaced, in contact with or interconnected to each other are often called "sheeting". Wales. horizontal members of a shoring system placed parallel to the excavation face whose sides bear against the vertical members of a shoring system or earth. 9-2 Training. The authority having jurisdiction shall provide training for all members in meeting their responsibilities at trench or excavation rescue incidents that is commensurate with the identified operational capability. the minimum training for all members shall be at the awareness level. Members expected to perform at a higher operational level shall be trained to that level. 9-2.1 Awareness Level. Training at the awareness level shall include: (a) Conducting a size up, and implementing the "Assessment Phase" of trench or excavation collapse's, including an approach assessment and a resource assessment, and identification of the resources necessary to conduct a safe and effective trench or excavation collapse entry and rescue operation. (b) Procedures for implementing the "Preparation Phase" of trench or excavation collapse and rescue and the associated planning. (c) Procedures for implementing an Incident Management System (IS) for trench or excavation collapse rescue incidents that meets the requirements of NFPA 1561. "Standard on Fire Department Incident Management Systems". (d) Procedures for acquisition, coordination, and utilization of resources. (e) Procedures for implementing site control and scene management. (f) Identification, utilization, and proper care of personal protective equipment needed for operations at a trench or excavation rescue incident. (g) Recognition of Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Atmospheres (IDLH) hazards. Including recognition of hazardous materials and the need for hazmat team interface once identified. (h) Recognition of the general hazards associated with a trench or excavation collapse incident and the operations necessary for the safe mitigation of these hazards. (i) Procedures to make a proper "Risk/Benefit analysis" as it relates to trench or excavation collapse rescue incidents. (j) Identification of the proper respiratory protection necessary to conduct a safe and efficient trench or excavation collapse rescue operation. (when applicable) (k) Procedures for using a retrieval system to remove victims of an trench or excavation collapse emergency. (I) Procedures for rapid extrication of non-injured or minor victims of a trench or excavation collapse. (m) General understanding of 29 CFR 1926.651 OSHA standard on "Excavations". (n) Recognition of the difference between a "Rescue" v.s. a "Recovery". (o) Identification of a "trench and excavation" as defined in 29 CFR 1926.650. (p) Recognition of typical collapse patterns and the problems associated with each. (q) Understand the process to implement a "one call" utility location system. (r) Recognition of the reasons for trench or excavation collapse's and indicators of a secondary collapse. (s) Personnel shall understand the unique hazards associated with the "weight of soil" and its entrapping characteristics. Exception: Personnel that have been certified to the Fire Fighter II level of NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications shall be accepted as meeting the intent of this section. 9-2.2 Operations Level 9-2.2.1 Personnel shall meet all awareness level training requirements specified in Section 9-2.1. In addition members shall be trained in hazards recognition, equipment use, and techniques necessary to operate safely during an actual trench or excavation collapse. Personnel trained at this level shall be capable of providing sheeting and shoring operations, entry, location, disentanglement and retrieval of victims, as well as support operations in a trench or excavation collapse incident. 9-2.2.2 Personnel shall be trained to recognize the unique hazards associated with trench and excavation collapse's. Personnel shall be trained to act as sheeting and shoring crews, entry crews, disentanglement teams, and patient packaging and removal teams as well as support teams. Training shall include, but not be limited to: (a) Recognition of the unique hazards associated with actual entry into a trench or excavation collapse zone. Including the recognition of hazardous materials. (b) Recognition of unstable areas associated with trench and excavation collapse's and adjacent structures, and the hazards of height, location, and access problems. (c) Understand and probable victim locations associated with trench and excavation collapse's and the survivability of victims. (d) Understand the necessity for and the construction of protective systems for trench and excavation collapse operations. (f) Be able to construct protective systems using approved equipment and techniques. (g) Personnel shall meet the "competent person" requirements as outlined in 29 CFR 1926.651 9-2.2.3 Personnel shall be trained in the procedures for performing "Pre-Entry Operations" intended to identify and control hazards, implement specific sectors, groups or divisions necessary to conduct the operation, and procedures for making the general area safe and the rescue area safe. Training shall include but shall not be limited to: (a) Establishing "special operations" sectors, groups or divisions with specific job functions necessary to safely and efficiently conduct a trench or excavation rescue. (b) Identify and control hazards associated with general area of a trench or excavation collapse. (c) Procedures for making the general area safe. (d) Procedures for making the rescue area safe. (e) Identification of soil types as outlined in 29 CFR 1926.651. This shall include the ability to identify these soil types using accepted visual or manual tests. (f) Procedures for Atmospheric monitoring and identification of IDLH atmospheres. (g) Procedures to implement ventilation of the space. (h) Procedures for the selection of the proper personal protective equipment necessary to conduct the entry operation. (i) Identification of the proper protective system needed based on type of collapse, and soil type. (j) Procedures for establishing support operations, including dewatering, and support of adjacent structures and utilities. (k) Personnel shall be able to identify a bell bottom excavation (pier hole) and recognize the unique hazards associated with it. 9-2.2.4 Personnel shall be trained in the procedures for performing the "Entry and Rescue" phase of a trench or excavation incident, intended to place protective systems in place, place entry teams into the collapse zone and access and assess any victims of a trench or excavation collapse. Training shall include, but not be limited to: (a) Selection and installation of traditional sheeting and shoring systems designed to create approved protective systems. (b) Operational procedures for placement of protective systems based on tabulated data and approved engineering practices. (c) Operational use of aluminum hydraulic, timber, pneumatic / mechanical, and screw jack shoring systems. (d) Selection and installation if waler systems, and selection of whalers based on tabulated data. (e) Procedures for establishing ground padding and "lip support" of a trench or excavation. (f) Procedures for selection of entry team personnel. (g) Procedures to secure entry and exit avenues for entry team personnel into the collapse zone. (h) Procedures for the selection of equipment needed for entry into a trench or excavation collapse. (i) Procedures for conducting a "pre-entry" briefing. (j) Procedures for record keeping and documentation during entry operations. (k) Procedures for emergencies which may be experienced by entry teams while in the trench or excavation collapse zone. (l) Understand the use and applicability of shield systems for trench and excavation collapse operations. (m) Understand the use and applicability of sloping, and benching systems for trench and excavation collapse operations. (n)* Understand the responsibilities of panel teams, shoring teams, and entry teams. (o) Understand the parameters under which traditional sheeting and shoring cannot be used in the creation of a protective system. 9-2.2.5 Personnel shall be trained in the procedures for the "Patient Access and Disentanglement and Removal" phase of a trench or excavation collapse, intended to locate and remove any entrapment mechanism which may trap victims within a trench or excavation collapse. Training shall include, but not be limited to: (a) Procedures for assessing the method of entrapment. (b) Ability to manually remove soil, rock or other entrapment mechanisms (c) Procedures for proper rigging of removal systems, including but not limited to rope rescue systems in compliance with NFPA 1983, "Rope, Harnesses and Hardware". (d) Procedures for using air bags or other lifting systems to remove entrapping which include but are not limited to pipes, heavy equipment, vaults, construction equipment or other entrapping mechanisms. (e) Responsibilities of the exterior (extrication team) during packaging and removal. (f) Procedures for "supplemental sheeting and shoring" during digging operations. (g) Procedures for identifying the proper patient packaging devices necessary for the safe and effective removal of victims from the trench or excavation collapse. (h) Procedures for providing basic life support during extrication. (i) Recognize the necessity to adjust sheeting and shoring as necessary based on digging operations or weather conditions. (j) Be able to create support systems to protect the trench or excavation during inclement weather. (k) Understand why heavy equipment should not be used to remove patients from trench or excavation collapse. 9-2.2.6 Personnel shall be trained in the procedures for the "Termination" phase of a trench or excavation collapse, intended to complete the incident in a safe and effective manner. Training shall include, but not be limited to: (a) Procedures to assure accountability of all scene personnel and entry teams. (b) Identification of the need for critical incident stress debriefing (CISD). (c) Procedures for documentation of victim location and surroundings when found. (d) Procedures for inventory and accountability of all equipment used. (e) Procedures for securing the scene after rescue operations. (f) Procedures for the removal of any protective systems used during the operation. Chapter 10 Referenced Publications 10-1 The following documents or portions thereof are referenced within this standard and shall be considered part of the requirements of this document. The edition indicated for each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this document. 10-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101. NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications, NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program, 1992 edition. NFPA 1561, Standard on Fire Department Incident Management System, 1990 edition. NFPA 1983, Standard on Fire Department Life Safety Rope, Harnesses and Hardware, 1990 edition. 10-1.2 Other Publications. 10-1.2.1 Superintendent of Documents Publication. Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910.134 (29 CFR 1910.134), "Respiratory Protection," July 1, 1992. Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910.146 (29 CFR 1910.146) "Permit Required Confined Spaces for General Industry", January 14 1993. Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910.120 (29 CFR 1910.120) AHazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response.@ Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1926.650 thru 1926.652 (29 CFR 1926.650) "Excavations", October 31, 1989. Appendix A Explanatory Material This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document, but is included for informational purposes only. A-1-1 This standard was developed to define levels of preparation and operational capability that should be achieved by any authority having jurisdiction that has responsibility for search and rescue operations at structural collapse incidents. These defined levels provide an outline for a system to manage an incident efficiently and effectively in order to maximize personnel safety, the successful rescue of victims, and the eventual termination of the event. The system should be followed to increase the capabilities of the authority having jurisdiction to deal successfully with even the most complex incident. The system progresses from the simple basic operational level to the light and medium operational levels, and finally to the complex heavy operational level. It should be understood that, as the system expands, the requirements for training, operational skills, management ability, and types and amounts of equipment also expand. A-1-1.2 These include rescue, fire suppression, and emergency services including agencies such as fire departments, law enforcement, emergency medical services, utility, public works, and search and rescue organizations. A-1-3 Approved. The National Fire Protection Association does not approve, inspect, or certify any installations, procedures, equipment, or materials; nor does it approve or evaluate testing laboratories. In determining the acceptability of installations, procedures, equipment, or materials, the authority having jurisdiction may base acceptance on compliance with NFPA or other appropriate standards. In the absence of such standards, said authority may require evidence of proper installation, procedure, or use. The authority having jurisdiction may also refer to the listings or labeling practices of an organization concerned with product evaluations that is in a position to determine compliance with appropriate standards for the current production of listed items. A-1-3 Authority Having Jurisdiction. The phrase "authority having jurisdiction" is used in NFPA documents in a broad manner, since jurisdictions and approval agencies vary, as do their responsibilities. Where public safety is primary, the authority having jurisdiction may be a federal, state, local, or other regional department or individual such as a fire chief; fire marshal; chief of a fire prevention bureau, labor department, or health department; building official; electrical inspector; or others having statutory authority. For insurance purposes, an insurance inspection department, rating bureau, or other insurance company representative may be the authority having jurisdiction. In many circumstances, the property owner or his or her designated agent assumes the role of the authority having jurisdiction; at government installations, the commanding officer or departmental official may be the authority having jurisdiction. A-2-2.1 A hazard and risk assessment is an evaluation and analysis of the environmental and physical factors influencing the scope, frequency, and magnitude of each type of technical rescue incident and the impact and influence they can have on the ability of the authority having jurisdiction to respond to and safely operate at these incidents. The goal and terminal objectives of the hazard and risk assessment are to increase the awareness of the authority having jurisdiction and provide a focus towards conditions and factors associated with potential technical rescue responses. The hazard and risk assessment can be associated closely with similar functional and format methodology, as might be incorporated in a master plan or strategic deployment study. It is not the intent of this standard to encumber the authority having jurisdiction in its undertaking of a detailed and extensive analysis, but this standard is meant to be a document that provides means for a deliberate and objective examination of common or unique factors that can be identified, correlated, or highlighted to aid in the development of technical resuce capabilities and to determine their necessary level of expertise in order to provide risk reduction. A-2-2..2 Environmental factors can include: • Earthquakes and other seismic activities. • Hurricanes and tornados. • Ground instability (mud slides, sink holes). • Other weather-related conditions (snow, rain, wind). Physical factors can include: • Structural characteristics (size, age, deterioration). • Occupancy types. • Construction types (design, methods, materials). • Changes in structure or occupancy usage, or both. Other factors can include: • Fires. • Explosions (bombs, utilities, fireworks, dust). • Transportation accidents (truck, vehicle, air, rail). • Hazardous materials. A-2-2..3 As part of the risk assessment, the authority having jurisdiction should identify the types of internal resources immediately available, within the operational structure of the organization, that could be utilized for structural collapse incident response. The resources should include the availability of personnel, training levels of personnel, professional specialty or trade skills, and type, quantity, and location of equipment, appliances, and tools applicable to structural collapse incident response. A-2-2.4 The research and documentation of available external resources that can augment the internal capabilities of the authority having jurisdiction form a crucial component in its overall ability to respond and operate at structural collapse incidents. Due to the potential complexity of related structural collapse incidents and the variety of conditions and factors that can exist at site-specific or large-scale area collapse incidents, external resource allocation and deployment becomes a necessity in order to support the search and rescue function. The authority having jurisdiction can develop a comprehensive list of those resources that can aid the responding agency by first identifying those factors that currently can limit its overall response capability by using the hazard and risk assessment evaluation. Once limitations or resource deficiencies are identified, the authority having jurisdiction can develop a resource database by reviewing those firms or businesses that are located within the jurisdiction. The telephone directory for the jurisdiction is an excellent reference that provides general categories and listing headings for companies, firms, and agencies that can become sources for resource allocation. The identification of area needs can be associated with four general categories. These include, but are not limited to: • Technical services. • Equipment. • Supplies. • Services. In addition, the authority having jurisdiction should identify and contact local professional societies, associations, and trade groups that can become excellent sources for technical support and resource development. Such professional groups could include the following: • American Institute of Architects - AIA • American Society of Consulting Engineers - ASCE • Association of Building Contractors - ABC • Local or Regional Builders Exchange • Construction Specification Institute - CSI • American Society of Safety Engineers - ASSE • American Public Works Association - APWA • Association of General Contractors - AGC • International Association of Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers • National Association of Demolition Contractors. Typical categories of resources that can be useful for resource development include, but are not limited to, the following: • Architects • Building materials • Concrete construction • Breaking, cutting, and swing suppliers • Construction forms and accessories firms • Contractors • General contractors • Demolition • Excavation • Steel erectors and fabricators • Drilling and boring • Heavy equipment operators • Construction equipment and supplies • Jacks • Hydraulic • Pneumatic • Mechanical • Air tools • Compressors • Generators • Scaffolding • Shoring • Aerial lifts • Sawing and cutting equipment • Lumber yards • Light and heavy equipment firms • Aerial lifts • Backhoes • Bulldozers • Excavators • Fork lifts • Conveyors and material handlers • Loaders • Trenchers • Skid-steer loaders • Cranes • Rigging • Erectors • Flood lighting and search lights • Engineers • Consulting • Civil • Soil • Structural • Construction • Environmental • Safety • Marine • Surveying • Fuel distributors • Hardware supply firms • Grocers/food suppliers • Catering • Portable shelters and tents • Radio broadcast companies • Rental service and supply companies • Portable rest room supply companies • Television and communication companies • Utility companies • Towing services • Tree and debris companies • Transportation services • Buses • Private • School districts • Motorcycle • Moped • ATV • Public work agencies • Ham radio operator groups • Funeral directors • Clergy • Fire equipment and supply firms • Local/regional representatives • Bottled water distributors The development of a community resource directory based upon these contacts documents and makes readily available the variety of resources that might be needed in the event of a structural collapse incident. The community resource directory should include information on each firm, company, or agency appearing in the directory. A profile of the specialized resource(s) available, along with contact person(s) information, including telephone numbers for both home and work, also should be included. Although the compiled data can be entered and stored on a computer database, a binder or book-formatted system should be used to adapt easily for field use. The use of lap-top computer notebooks with disk-formatted data can also prove useful, and consideration should be given to the longevity and portability provided by battery packs. Memorandums of Agreement (MOA) should be developed that outline specifications for equipment and resource allocation, availability of services and procedures for procurement, and subsequent financial reimbursement for services or equipment supplied. In addition to the types of resources previously identified, the authority having jurisdiction also should consider the development of a resource guide for the procurement of technical services from individuals associated with specific groups or agencies. This resource guide could include profiles of personnel, such as canine handlers, search dogs, technical rescue specialists, industrial hygienists, riggers, etc., who, on an on-call basis, could respond and augment on-scene resources. The authority having jurisdiction should not disregard resource acquisition requests to agencies and groups outside the immediate boundaries of the jurisdiction. Regional, statewide, and national resource identification could be developed, based on the overall projected needs identified by evaluation of the hazard and risk assessment. Depending on the size and magnitude of the on-scene incident, resource availability might not be adequate for incident logistical needs, or the resources might be affected by the collapse incident, especially where a large area within the jurisdiction is part of the overall incident conditions. Such could be the case in an earthquake, hurricane, or other large-scale natural disaster. Regional, multistate, or national deployment of specialized rescue teams or task forces should be considered in the development of the overall resource directory in order to provide additional capabilities as incident conditions and incident magnitude necessitate. A-2-2..5 The intent of this provision is to establish procedures to enable the incident commander to obtain the necessary resources to augment the internal capabilities of the authority having jurisdiction. These resources can include, but are not limited to, the following: (a) Mutual aid agreements. (b) Agreements with the private sector, including the following: • Construction industry • Demolition industry • Heavy equipment operators • Special equipment supply companies • Hardware, lumber, and construction suppliers • Consulting engineers and architects • Related technical specialists • Communications • Food service • Sanitation. (c) Memorandums of Agreement (MOA) with other public, state, or federal agencies. A-2-3.2.1 The safety officer should comply with the requirements of NFPA 1521, Standard for Fire Department Safety Officer. A-2-3.2.2 Some organizations use helmets, helmet appliques, or vests with fluorescent retroreflective material to identify the safety officer(s) readily. A-2-3.4.1 Specific specialized equipment that might be required for safe structural collapse operations includes: (a) Supplied line breathing apparatus (SLBA), supplied air breathing apparatus (SABA), and supplied air respirator (SAR), which should meet the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.146, "Confined Space Operations." (b) Personal alert safety system (PASS), which should meet the requirements of NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program, and NFPA 1982, Standard on Personal Alert Safety Systems (PASS) for Fire Fighters. (c) Life safety ropes, harnesses, and hardware, which should meet the requirements of NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program, and NFPA 1983, Standard on Fire Service Life Safety Rope, Harness, and Hardware. (d) Communications equipment, which should meet the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.146. (e) Lighting equipment (e.g., flashlights, helmet-mounted lamps), which should be intrinsically safe or explosionproof as defined in 29 CFR 1910.146. A-2-3.5.4 BLS is the minimum level required; ALS is recommended. A-3-1.1 Professional agencies and associations that can provide technical assistance or guidance in where to obtain needed sources of information include, but are not limited to, the following: • California State Fire Marshals Office Heavy Rescue Program 7171 Bowling Drive, Suite 600 Sacramento, CA 95832 • Federal Emergency Management Agency National Urban Search and Rescue Task Force 500 C Street SW Washington, DC 20472 • International Association of Fire Chiefs - IAFC Urban Rescue and Structural Collapse Committee 4025 Fair Ridge Drive Fairfax, VA 22030 • National Association for Search and Rescue - NASAR P.O. Box 3709 Fairfax, VA 22038 • National Institute of Urban Search and Rescue P.O. Box 91648 Santa Barbara, CA 93190-1648 • United States Fire Administration Office of Firefighter Health and Safety 16825 South Seton Avenue Emmitsburg, MD 21727 • Urban Search and Rescue - USAR Inc. P.O. Box 2570 Camarillo, CA 93100-2570 A-3-1.3 The authority having jurisdiction might, from time to time, perform at structural collapse incidents that exceed its identified capability. Under these circumstances, the authority having jurisdiction should have the flexibility to conduct operations in a safe and appropriate manner, although its capability level is not commensurate with the type or magnitude of the collapse. Efforts should allow for operations to continue until proper resources can be obtained or the incident is terminated. The authority having jurisdiction should not compromise the safety of personnel while engaged in efforts to rescue trapped victims. A-3-2.1 See Appendix B for information on certain types of building hazards. A-3-2.2(a) The size-up should include, but not be limited to, the initial and continuous evaluation of the following: • Scope and magnitude of the incident • Number/size of structures affected • Integrity and stability of structures affected • Occupancy types (residential, mercantile, etc.) • Number of known/potential victims • Access to the scene • Environmental factors • Available/necessary resources. A-3-2.2(b) The IMS is required to provide a series of supervisory levels that are available for implementation to create a command structure. The particular levels to be utilized in each situation shall depend upon the nature of the incident and the scale and complexity of emergency service activities at the scene. (See 2-3.1 of NFPA 1561, Standard on Fire Department Incident Management System.) It is the intent of this standard that emergency operations at a structural collapse incident should be conducted in accordance with an identified incident management system and that all personnel responding should know the system and be capable of initiating and participating within the system. A-3-2.2(d) Training should address the process of achieving and maintaining control of the site and the perimeter. This might include management of all civilian and nonemergency personnel and establishment of operational zones and site security. A-3-2.2(f) Four Types of Building Construction. The construction types and occupancy usage of various structures might necessitate the utilization of a variety of different techniques and material. The four construction categories that the rescuer most likely will encounter in collapse situations are light-frame, heavy wall, heavy floor, and precast concrete construction. These four categories usually comprise the majority of structures affected by a collapse. [See Tables A-4-2.1(f) A and B.] (a) Light-Frame Construction. (1) Materials used for light-frame construction are generally lightweight and provide a high degree of structural flexibility in response to forces such as earthquakes, hurricanes, tornados, etc. (2) These structures typically are constructed with skeletal structural frame systems of wood or light-gauge steel components, which provide support to the floor and roof assemblies. (3) Examples of this construction type include wood frame structures used for residential, multiple low-rise, and light commercial occupancies up to four stories in height. Light-gauge steel frame buildings include commercial, business, and light manufacturing occupancies and facilities. (b) Heavy Wall Construction. (1) Materials used for heavy wall construction are generally heavy and utilize an interdependent structural or monolithic system. These types of materials and their assemblies tend to produce a structural system that is inherently rigid. (2) This construction type usually is built without a skeletal structural frame. It utilizes a heavy wall support and assembly system that provides support for the floors and roof areas. (3) Occupancies utilizing tilt-up concrete construction are typically one to three stories in height and consist of multiple, monolithic concrete wall panel assemblies. They also use an interdependent girder, column, and beam system for providing lateral wall support of floor and roof assemblies. Such occupancies typically include commercial, mercantile, and industrial usage. Materials other than concrete now are being utilized in tilt-up construction. (4) Examples of this type of construction include reinforced and unreinforced masonry buildings typically of low-rise construction, one to six stories in height, and of any occupancy type. (c) Heavy Floor Construction. (1) Structures of heavy floor construction are built utilizing cast-in-place concrete construction consisting of flat slab panel, waffle, or two-way concrete slab assemblies. Pretensioned or post-tensioned reinforcing steel rebar or cable systems are common components used for structural integrity. The vertical structural supports include integrated concrete columns, concrete enclosed steel frame, or steel frame, which carry the load of all floor and roof assemblies. This type of structure includes heavy timber construction that might use steel rods for reinforcement. (2) The reinforcing steel, along with the varying thicknesses of concrete structural slab and girder supports utilized in this construction assembly, poses significant concerns with respect to breaching and void penetration. (3) The loss of reinforcement capability and the integrity of structural loading capacity of the floor and wall assemblies create significant safety and operational considerations during collapse operations. (4) Structural steel frame construction utilizes a skeletal framing system consisting of large-load-carrying girders, beams, and columns for structural support. These components represent a substantial weight factor for individual and assembly components. Floor systems consist of cast-in-place concrete slabs of varying thicknesses poured onto metal pan or structural metal floor decks and also might include precast and post-tensioned concrete plank systems. These concrete/metal pan floor assemblies are supported by the structural steel framing system. (5) The exterior construction might consist of metal or masonry veneer, curtain wall, or composite material panel systems. Additionally, precast concrete or stone-clad panel systems might be present. (6) Multiple assembly or component failures might be present in a collapse situation where isolated or multiple collapse conditions or collapse configurations exist. (7) Examples of this type of construction include offices, schools, apartments, hospitals, parking structures, and multipurpose facilities. Heights vary from single-story to high-rise structures. (d) Precast Construction. (1) Structures of precast construction are built utilizing modular precast concrete components that include floors, walls, columns, and other subcomponents that are field-connected at the site. (2) Individual concrete components utilize imbedded steel reinforcing rods and welded wire mesh for structural integrity and might utilize either steel beam and column or concrete framing systems for the overall structural assembly and building enclosure. (3) These structures rely on single or multipoint connections for floor and wall enclosure assembly and are a safety and operational concern during collapse operations. (4) Examples of this type of construction include commercial, mercantile, office, and multiuse or multifunction structures, including parking structures and large occupancy facilities. INSERT TABLE A-3-2.2(F) A HERE Table A-3-2.2(f) A lists the four model construction codes and standards commonly adopted within the United States and is provided to aid the authority having jurisdiction in identifying the relationship of NFPA XXXX construction/collapse types to their applicable code. These model codes are referenced to classification Types I through V as specified in NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction. This table is intended to identify construction/collapse types according to the classifications of NFPA 220 and is not part of any fire-resistive or fire rating/assembly requirement. In Table A-3-2.2(f) B, the NFPA XXXX construction/collapse types (CCT) are referenced to NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction, to allow rapid correlation of construction code classification (CCC) with the associated construction/collapse type. Depending upon occupancy, usage, and actual size of the structure, some construction code classifications can exhibit characteristics of other than specifically correlated construction/collapse types. INSERT Table A-3-2.2(f) B HERE A-3-2.2(g) Collapse patterns and potential victim locations include the following: (a) Lean-to. A lean-to is formed when one or more of the supporting walls or floor joists breaks or separates at one end, causing one end of the floor(s) to rest on the lower floor(s). Potential areas where victims might be located are under the suspended floor and on top of the floor at the lowest level. INSERT FIGURE A-3-2.2(g)(a) HERE Figure A-3-2.2(g)(a) Lean-to floor collapse. (Illustration courtesy of U.S. Department of Civil Defense) (b) V. A "V" is formed when heavy loads cause the floor(s) to collapse near the center. Potential areas where victims might be located are under the two suspended floor pieces and on top of the floor in the middle of the V. INSERT FIGURE A-3-2.2(g)(b) HERE Figure A-3-2.2(g)(b) V-shape floor collapse. (Illustration courtesy of U.S. Department of Civil Defense) (c) Pancake. A pancake is formed when the bearing wall(s) or column(s) fails completely and an upper floor(s) drops onto a lower floor(s), causing it to collapse in a similar manner. Potential areas where victims might be located are under the floors and in voids formed by building contents and debris wedged between the floors. INSERT FIGURE A-3-2.2(g)(c) HERE Figure A-3-2.2(g)(c) Pancake floor collapse. (Illustration courtesy of U.S. Department of Civil Defense) (d) Cantilever. A cantilever is formed when one end of the floor(s) hangs free because one or more walls have failed and the other end of the floor(s) is still attached to the wall(s). Potential areas where victims might be located are on top of or under the floors. INSERT FIGURE A-3-2.2(g)(d) HERE Figure A-3-2.2(g)(d) Cantilever floor collapse. (Illustration courtesy of U.S. Department of Civil Defense) A-3-2.2(h) Indications of potential for secondary collapse include: (a) Leaning walls. (b) Smoke or water seeping through joints. (c) Creaking structural members. (d) Recurring aftershocks. (e) Sagging floor or roof assemblies. (f) Missing, strained, or damaged points of connection of structural elements. (g) Excessive loading of structural elements. A-3-2.2(i) General Hazards. General hazards associated with search and rescue operations at structural collapses can present the authority having jurisdiction with uniquely challenging situations. The authority having jurisdiction should consider the following potential hazards when providing training to its members. (a) Utilities. Control of the utilities in and around a structural collapse is critical to ensure the safety of responding personnel and victims. The authority having jurisdiction should provide its members with training in the control of these services in order to provide a safe environment in which to operate and to ensure the safety of victims. The following utilities should be considered when providing training: • Electrical services (primary and secondary) • Gas, propane, fuel oil, or other alternative energy sources (primary systems) • Water • Sanitary systems • Communications • Secondary service systems (oxygen compressed gases, medical or industrial gases). (b) Hazardous Materials. Collapsed structures might include various materials unique to an occupancy that, when released during a structural collapse, could pose a hazard to victims and responders. The authority having jurisdiction should provide members with training in the recognition of potential hazardous materials releases, the determination of an existing hazard, and the methods used to contain, confine, or divert hazardous materials in order to conduct operations safely and effectively. (c) Personal Hazards. At the site of any structural collapse, there are many dangers that pose personal injury hazards to the responders. The authority having jurisdiction should train members to recognize the personal hazards they encounter and to use the methods needed to mitigate these hazards in order to help ensure their safety. Every member should be made aware of hazards such as trips, falls, blows, punctures, impalement, etc. (d) Confined Space. Some structural collapses necessitate a confined space rescue. Responding personnel should be familiar with and trained in confined space rescue requirements and techniques. The authority having jurisdiction should determine the applicable laws and standards related to confined space rescue and should provide training to members in confined space rescue. (e) Other Hazards. There are numerous other hazards associated with structural collapses. The authority having jurisdiction should make every effort to identify the hazards that might be encountered within the jurisdiction and should provide members with training and awareness of these other hazards in order to perform rescue operations safely and effectively. A-3-2.2(j) Procedures for conducting searches should include, at a minimum, visual and verbal methods. Search and rescue operations in the structural collapse environment should include close interaction of all incident management system elements for safe and effective victim extrications. Search operations for locating victims should be initiated early at a structural collapse incident. Structural collapse search operations should conform to an accepted system for victim search strategy and tactics in order to achieve optimum performance and effectiveness. The following recommendations provide current tactical capabilities and general strategies that can assist personnel in productive search operations. Structural collapse operations are one of the most difficult rescue situations likely to be encountered. Depending on the complexity of the search and rescue activity, personnel might need to spend large amounts of precious time on small numbers of difficult rescues. It is important to establish whether or not rescue personnel are involved with a live victim, since time should not be wasted in such unproductive missions as the removal of dead bodies while live victims might be saved. Search operations should incorporate a variety of technical and nontechnical methods that might provide personnel with the only viable method to locate victims and determine their status. The authority having jurisdiction should identify as many forms of technical and nontechnical search capabilities available at the local, regional, state, or national level that are commensurate with their needs. In addition to the basic operational level of capability, search methods should include, but not be limited to, the following: (1) Structural Collapse Search Dogs. This involves the use of air-scent dog and handler teams trained and equipped to specifically search collapsed structures. The dog and handler work as a team to identify the location and status of victims buried beneath rubble or structural components. It is important that the authority having jurisdiction differentiate between structural collapse search dogs and other "air-scenting" dogs such as those used to search for drugs and explosives, cadaver dogs, and police K-9. (2) Electronic Search. This involves the use of acoustic/seismic devices and includes the deployment of an array of two or more pickup probes around the perimeter of a collapsed structure or void area. (3) Search Cameras. This involves the placement of a search camera device within a void area to search "visually" a previously nonvisible collapse zone. To use this device, ancillary tools such as rotary hammers, drills, or breakers are needed to create an opening through which the camera can be passed. (4) Air Sampling. Identification of high concentrations of CO2, for example, might indicate the presence of a live victim. Once the authority having jurisdiction has identified the location and the availability of these search options, a system should be developed to place them into operation at a structural collapse incident. In conjunction with the capability of the authority having jurisdiction to place into operation one or more of the previously described search methods, personnel should implement a strategic and tactical plan for the use of these devices as quickly as possible. Personnel should coordinate all available and viable tactical capabilities into a logical plan of operation. It is essential that the authority having jurisdiction employ every possible search method to ensure that its members are able to locate viable victims before committing rescue resources to any prolonged (although well-intentioned) operation. A-3-2.2(k) Distinct markings should be made within the four quadrants of an "X" to denote clearly the search status and findings during the search. Figure A-3-2.2(k) illustrates the search marking system. An "X" measuring 2 ft _ 2 ft (61 cm _ 61 cm) should be spray-painted in the color orange. The information for each quadrant should be written in the quadrant using carpenter's chalk or a lumber crayon. [See Figure A-3-2.2(k).] In addition, search personnel should mark the exact location of a victim(s) with orange spray paint. Surveyor's tape can be used as a flag to identify the appropriate area in conjunction with the spray paint. To reduce needless duplication of search efforts, markings should be made at each point of entry or separate area of the structure. Where updated information of previously searched structures is needed, the old information should be crossed out and the most recent information should be indicated below or next to the old, using the marking system. INSERT FIGURE A-3-2.2(k) HERE Figure A-3-2.2(k) A-3-2.2(l) One of the initial strategic concerns for personnel is the need to analyze the structure(s) involved in any collapse situation. This is especially true where there is more than one structure involved, as in cases of devastating earthquakes, hurricanes, or other natural or man-made disasters. The determination of the condition of the structure, hazards, and occupancy prior to the event will affect the overall search and rescue strategy. It is imperative that the information derived from a coordinated building triage and marking system be consolidated by the authority having jurisdiction at any structural collapse event. This information should be used not only to identify operational priorities but should be forwarded to the incident commander to assist in the overall assessment of the event. A structural marking system should be capable of identifying the following two specific areas of concern: (1) Structure identification within a geographic area (2) Structure/hazards evaluation. Structure identification within a geographic area is used to differentiate buildings by groups, such as by block(s) or jurisdictional area. This geographic area identification should be consolidated at the command post of the authority having jurisdiction and used to deploy search and rescue personnel. Structure/hazards evaluation and search assessment procedures are designed to identify specific information pertinent to each affected building. Either of these analyses can be completed independently of the other, although the structure/hazards evaluation normally is completed first. Symbols should be drawn conspicuously with orange spray paint. (See FEMA US&R Response System, Appendix C, "Task Force Building Marking System.") (1) Structure Identification within a Geographic Area. It is imperative that personnel clearly identify each structure within a geographic area. This identification will assist both in the specific ongoing search and rescue effort and the long-term, post-disaster identification of the site. The primary method of identification should include the existing street name, hundred block, and building number. Such identification is not always possible due to post-disaster conditions. (See FEMA US&R Response System, Appendix C, "Task Force Building Marking System.") (2) Structure/Hazards Evaluation. This system is designed to identify specific hazards associated with any collapsed structure. Personnel should be cognizant of the nationally accepted marking system and should be proficient in the use of the system. (See FEMA US&R Response System, Appendix C, "Task Force Building Marking System.") A-3-2.2(m) Extrication operations at a structural collapse incident necessitate a coordinated effort that includes search, rescue, and medical capabilities. Personnel should have a working knowledge of general extrication tactics and procedures. These tactics and procedures should be flexible enough to address the specific situation and problems encountered. The authority having jurisdiction should provide the appropriate training and equipment necessary to complete an extrication operation safely and effectively. These should include the following: (a) Manual. Training should be provided in safe lifting techniques necessary to move manageable sections of debris and interior contents displaced by partial or complete structural collapse. (b) Hand Tools. Tools and training necessary to move debris, room contents, and structural components displaced by partial or complete structural collapse should be provided. Hand tools should include, but not be limited to, pry bars, bolt cutters, jacks, and sledge hammers. Training requirements should be coordinated with the hand tool inventory. A-3-2.2(n) Medical Conditions. The authority having jurisdiction, in addition to BLS training, should provide training in the following areas: (a) Cervical/Spinal Immobilization. Training should be integrated with systems for vertical and horizontal patient evacuations (e.g., patient packaged onto a stokes stretcher and secured to provide spinal immobilization). (b) Crush Injury Syndrome. Training should include recognition, evaluation, and treatment, prior to extrication, of victims with symptoms or mechanism of injury potential. (c) Amputation. Amputation should be considered a last resort, but rescuers should be aware of the possibility. Incident managers also should be aware of the proper procedures to be followed in their community, including interaction with local medical doctors. (d) Infection Control. Training should include education in protective equipment (e.g., gloves, masks, PPE, etc.), protective procedures (e.g., avoiding contaminants and pollutants), and appropriate decontamination following possible exposures, as specified in NFPA 1581, Standard on Fire Department Infection Control Program, or OSHA's "Blood-Borne Pathogens" standard (29 CFR 1910.1030). (e) Critical Incident Stress. Training should include information on personal well-being, with emphasis on preconditioning, pacing of effort, proper diet and rest, and emotional and psychological diversions during long-term operations. Personnel should be trained to recognize the signs and symptoms of critical incident stress. Scene managers should be trained in the value of rehabilitation efforts during extended operations for the safety and continued efficiency of their personnel. A-3-2.3.3 Personnel should be capable of obtaining and utilizing one or more of the following resources: (a) Structural collapse search dogs (b) Search cameras (c) Acoustic/seismic instruments (listening devices) (d) Thermal imaging (infrared) devices (e) Other technical search devices. A-3-2.3.4(d) Power Tools. Power tools and training necessary to breach, cut, bore, and lift structural components displaced by partial or total structural collapse (e.g., air bags, hydraulic spreaders and rams, and power saws) should be provided. A-3-2.4.1 Where operating at the medium operational level, locating and extricating victims is more complicated than at the basic operational level. As structural components, materials, and weights increase, the ability to breach, stabilize, and operate within such a structural collapse becomes more hazardous, complicated, and time-consuming. The overall ability of the authority having jurisdiction to function safely and effectively is greatly dependent upon the prompt availability of appropriate tools, equipment, and supplies to accomplish operations. At the medium level of operational capability, personnel should understand that the tools needed change, depending on the type of structure involved. Structural collapse incidents involving reinforced and unreinforced masonry necessitate that the authority having jurisdiction utilize tools and equipment specifically designed for these materials, including: • Masonry saws and blades. • Rotary hammers and breakers. • Airbags. • Dump trucks and front-end loaders. A-3-2.5 Where operating at the heavy operational capability level, locating and extricating victims is more complicated than at the medium operational level. As structural components, materials, and weights increase, the ability to breach, stabilize, and operate within such a structural collapse becomes more hazardous, complicated, and time-consuming. The overall ability of the authority having jurisdiction to function safely and effectively is greatly dependent upon the prompt availability of appropriate tools, equipment, and supplies to accomplish operations. At the heavy level of operational capability, personnel should understand that the tools needed change, depending on the type of structure involved. Structural collapse incidents involving concrete tilt-up, reinforced concrete, and steel construction necessitate the use of tools and equipment specifically designed for these materials, including: • Concrete saws and blades. • Pneumatic and hydraulic drills, hammers, and breakers. • Cranes. • Burning and cutting equipment such as oxyacetylene and exothermic or plasma cutters. • Bolting and anchoring systems. Appendix B This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document, but is included for informational purposes only. NOTE: Appendix B is extracted from FEMA Earthquake Hazards Reduction Series 41, Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings for Potential Seismic Hazards: A Handbook. ****INSERT Table B-1 HERE**** INSERT FIGURE B-1 HERE Figure B-1 Light metal buildings (S3). INSERT FIGURE B-2 HERE Figure B-2 Post-tensioned lift slab building. INSERT FIGURE B-3 HERE Figure B-3 Wood stud frame construction. INSERT FIGURE B-4 HERE Figure B-4 Steel moment-resisting frame. INSERT FIGURE B-5 HERE Figure B-5 Light metal construction. INSERT FIGURE B-6 HERE Figure B-6 Steel frame with shearwall. INSERT FIGURE B-7 HERE Figure B-7 Steel frame with URM in-fill. INSERT FIGURE B-8 HERE Figure B-8 Concrete moment-resisting frame. INSERT FIGURE B-9 HERE Figure B-9 Concrete shearwall. INSERT FIGURE B-10 HERE Figure B-10 Tilt-up construction typical of the western United States. Tilt-up construction in the eastern United States may incorporate a steel frame. INSERT FIGURE B-11 HERE Figure B-11 Precast concrete frame. INSERT FIGURE B-12 HERE Figure B-12 Unreinforced masonry bearing wall. INSERT FIGURE B-13 HERE Figure B-13 Unreinforced masonry bearing wall. INSERT FIGURE B-14 HERE Figure B-14 Unreinforced masonry bearing wall. Appendix C C-1 The following documents or portions thereof are referenced within this standard for informational purposes only and thus are not considered part of the requirements of this document. The edition indicated for each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this document. C-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101. NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction, 1992 edition. NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program, 1992 edition. NFPA 1521, Standard for Fire Department Safety Officer, 1992 edition. NFPA 1561, Standard on Fire Department Incident Management System, 1990 edition. NFPA 1581, Standard on Fire Department Infection Control Program, 1991 edition. NFPA 1982, Standard on Personal Alert Safety Systems (PASS) for Fire Fighters, 1993 edition. NFPA 1983, Standard on Fire Service Life Safety Rope, Harness, and Hardware, 1990 edition. C-1.2 Other Publications. C-1.2.1 BOCA Publication. Building Officials and Code Administrators International, 4051 W. Flossmoor Rd., Country Club Hills, IL 60477. National Building Code, 1990 edition. C-1.2.2 FEMA Publications. Federal Emergency Management Agency, 500 C Street SW, Washington, DC 20472. FEMA Earthquake Hazards Reduction Series 41, Rapid Visual Screening for Potential Seismic Hazards: A Handbook. FEMA US&R Response System. C-1.2.3 ICBO Publication. International Conference of Building Officials, 5360 S. Workman Mill Road, Whittier, CA 90601. Uniform Building Code, 1991 edition. C-1.2.4 SBCC Publication. Southern Building Code Congress, International, 900 Montclair Road, Birmingham, AL 35213. Standard Building Code, 1991 edition. C-1.2.5 Superintendent of Documents Publications. Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, 29 CFR 1910.1030 (OSHA), "Blood-Borne Pathogens," July 1, 1992. Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, 29 CFR 1910.146, "Confined Space Operations," April 15, 1993. XXXXDRAF.DOC Page 67 8/2/96